ʻO ka hao hao vs

1542 Nānā 2025-05-09 15:34:51

Ka maopopo ʻaihue carbon ma ke kila kila hiʻona, pono, a me nā palena o kēlā me kēia paramount no nā mīkini, Manaʻoʻia, mea hanamumu, a pili kekahi i nā koho koho.

Ke kohoʻana i keʻano kūpono o ke kila e hiki ke hopena nui i ka hana o ka papahana, ola lōʻihi, koina, a me ka palekana.

ʻO kēia alakaʻi wehewehe i ka hohonu hohonu i loko o ka hoʻohālikelike o ʻaihue carbon ma ke kila kila, ka hoʻolakoʻana i kahiʻike paʻa e koi ai iāʻoe e hana i nā hoʻoholo i hoʻomaopopoʻia.

1. Hōʻikeʻike

ʻO nā mea kūʻai aku e hāʻawiʻia no ka meaʻo nā mea e pono ai a me nā mea hana e hiki ke holo i nā waiwai.

Ua alakaʻiʻia kēia hoʻololi i kahiʻohana o nā mea hele wāwae, Ua kūpono kēlā me kēia i nāʻano likeʻole a me nā kaumaha.

I waena o kēia mau, ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawaleʻana ma waena o ka carbon cheel a me ke kila kila he mea maʻamau ka manaʻo o kaʻenehana maʻamau.

1.1 ʻO ka mea nui o ka carbon cheel basel vs stainless kila kila kila

ʻO ke koho ma waena ʻaihue carbon ma ke kila kila ʻaʻole ia he hoʻomaʻamaʻa haʻawina.

He mau hopena kūpono loa ia.

ʻO kēia mauʻanoʻelua e hāʻawi i nā mea hana maikaʻi likeʻole, kūikawā e pili ana:

• Pale ʻino: ʻO kēia ka mea maʻamau, Me ka mea hoʻokūkū hoʻokūkū e hōʻike ana i ke kū'ēʻana i ke kū'ēʻana i nāʻano a me nāʻano'ē aʻe o ka corrosion.
• Na Waiwai Mechanical: Ka ikaika, paakiki, ʻoʻoleʻa, a hiki i ka umu ke loli nui.
• Koina: ʻO ke kākāla kalepa maʻamau ka mea maʻamau, akā,ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kila maikaʻiʻole e hāʻawi i ka waiwai lōʻihi ma muli o kona mau durability.
• Nā mea nani: Ua koho pinepineʻiaʻo Stiinless Steel no kona maʻemaʻe, nā hiʻohiʻona hou.
• Nā lole a me ka machinability: ʻO nāʻokoʻa i ka hoʻopiliʻana i ka hoʻopiliʻana ma mua o ka maʻalahi o kēia mau kila, hanaʻia, a wiliia.

Ke hana nei i kahi koho kūponoʻole hiki ke alakaʻi i ka hikiʻole o keʻano o nā'āpana, hoʻonui nui i nā uku mālama, Nā pilikia palekana, a iʻole he huahana waiwaiʻoleʻole.

No laila, ʻO kaʻike pihaʻana o ka carbon cheal ceel ceel ceelless he mea nui no ka hoʻopiʻiʻana i nā palapala kūpono no nā palapala noi, mai nā cuctary o kēlā me kēia lā a me nā hale kūʻai kūkulu hale i nā mea kiʻekiʻe o Aerospace.

2. Nā manaʻo kumu a me nā papa kuhikuhi

E hoʻohālikelike maikaʻi ʻaihue carbon ma ke kila kila, Pono mākou e hoʻokumu mua i kahiʻike maopopo i nā mea e wehewehe ai i kēlā me kēia waihona, kā lākou hoʻohui kumu, a me kā lākou mau papa mua.

2.1 ʻO ka hao hao

Nui nā mea e noʻonoʻo ai i ka carbon cheal i ka mea i hoʻohana nuiʻia no ka mea e hāʻawi i nā waiwai mechanin maikaʻi loa ma kahi kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa.

ʻO kāna weheweheʻana i keʻano o kona hilinaʻi ma ke kalaka e like me ke kumu nui o ke kumu nui.

Wehewehe:

ʻO kaʻaihue carbon he alloy o ka hao a me ka carbon, ʻO kahi carbon ka mea nui o ka mea hoʻohui hoʻohui nui e hoʻonui i ka ikaika a me ka paʻakikī o ka hao maʻemaʻe. ʻO nā mea'ē aʻe'ē aʻe e hōʻike pinepineʻia ma nā wahi liʻiliʻi, pinepine e like me nā koena mai ke kaʻina hana a iʻole e hoʻohuiʻia i nā mea liʻiliʻi e hoʻoponopono i nā waiwai, Akāʻaʻole lākou e hoʻololi nui i kānaʻano kumu e like me ke kila carbon.

Huina:

ʻO ka haoʻAmelika a me ke kila kila (AISI) E wehewehe i ke kila carbon ma keʻano he kila:

1. ʻAʻole koi nā Kūlana i kahiʻikepili liʻiliʻi no ka chromium, kobalta, colubum (niobium), molybdenum, nikela, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, zirconium, a iʻole kekahi mea'ē aʻe i hoʻohuiʻia no kahi hopena hoʻohui.
2. ʻAʻoleʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka liʻiliʻi no ka keleawe 0.40 pakeneka.
3. A iʻole ka manaʻo nui loa i hōʻikeʻia no kekahi o nā mea e pili ana i nā mea e hikiʻole ai keʻoi aku ka nui o nā pakeneka: manganese 1.65, silika 0.60, keleawe 0.60.

ʻO ke kumu nui kalapona (C), me nā mea maʻamau e like me ka neʻeʻana mai nā wahi e pili ana i 2.11% ma ke kaumaha.

Ma waho o kēiaʻike kuʻuna, Ua heluʻia ka alloy e like me ka hao hao.

• Manganese (ʻO Mn): E hōʻike pinepine ana i 1.65%. Hāʻawi ia i ka ikaika a me ka paʻakikī, hana e like me ka deoxidizer a he desulfrizer, a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana wela wela.
• Silika (A): Maʻamau a hiki i 0.60%. Hana ia e like me ka deoxidizer a hoʻonui iki i ka ikaika.
• Sulfur (S) a me phospoprus (P): Ua noʻonoʻoʻia kēia mau mea nui. Hiki i ke Sulfur ke kumu i ka brittleness ma nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe (Lokole Haole), ʻOiaiʻo phosphorus ke kumu i ka brittleness ma nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (ʻO ka pōkole anuanu). Mālamaʻia kā lākou pae (e.g., <0.05%).

Nāʻano o nā kila carbon:

Hoʻokumuʻia nā mea kūʻai aku i nā carbon ma luna o kā lākouʻike, E like me kēia ka mana nui loa ma kā lākou mau mea hana:

1. Haʻahaʻa-Carbon Steel (ʻO ke kila māmā):
   • Kaona: ʻO ka maʻamau 0.25% – 0.30% kalapona (e.g., AISI 1005 i 1025).
   • Waiwai: Palupalu loa, ductile, a maʻalahi, hanaʻia, a wiliia. Hoʻonuiʻia ka ikaika o ka densile i nā kāhiko kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe. ʻO keʻano liʻiliʻi.
   • Moloka: ʻO Ferritely Ferrite me kekahi Pīpī.
   • Nā noi: Nā paneli kino kaʻa, kino kino (I-kuola, nā kahawai), paipu, Nā'āpana hana hana, Nā Pōhaku Meaʻai, a me nā hana hao nui.
2. Medium-Carbon Steel:
   • Kaona: Maʻamau maʻamau mai 0.25% – 0.30% i 0.55% – 0.60% kalapona (e.g., AISI 1030 i 1055).
   • Waiwai: Hāʻawi i kahi kaulike maikaʻi o ka ikaika, paakiki, ʻoʻoleʻa, a me ka defility. E hāʻawi i ka mālama wela (ke kinai ana a me ka hoonaukiuki) E hoʻonui hou i nā waiwai mechanical. ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o keʻano, wiliwili, aʻokiʻia ma mua o ke kila haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.
   • Moloka: Hoʻonui nuiʻia o ka peke e hoʻohālikelikeʻia i nā kila haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.
   • Nā noi: Kauluhi, nā lāʻau, nā koʻi, crankshafts, nā hoʻohui, Nā alaloa kaʻa, nā mīkini mīkini, a me nā'āpana e koi ana i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe a hoʻopaʻa i ke kū'ē.
3. Kiekie-Carbon Steel (Kī uila kīwī):
   • Kaona: Maʻamau maʻamau mai 0.55% – 0.60% i 1.00% – 1.50% kalapona (e.g., AISI 1060 i 1095). Hiki paha i kekahi mau papa inoa i kēia a hiki i ~ 2.1%.
   • Waiwai: Paʻakikī loa, ikaika, a loaʻa i nā pale maikaʻi e pale ai ma hope o ka mālama wela. Eia naʻe, He liʻiliʻi loa ia (oi aku nui brittle) ma mua o nā kāhiko haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o ka weld a me ka mīkini.
   • Moloka: ʻO ka pīhoihoi nui a me ka cementite.
   • Nā noi: ʻOkiʻana i nā hana hana (Nā Kihi, nā haʻawina), punawai, nā wires ikaika kiʻekiʻe, Nā Punches, make, a me nā noi kahi e paʻakikī ai ka paʻakikī a me ka paleʻana i nā koi mua.
4. ʻO ke kila kiʻekiʻe-kiʻekiʻe-carbon:
   • Kaona: Ma kahi kokoke 1.25% i 2.0% kalapona.
   • Waiwai: Hiki ke hoʻomālamalama i ka paʻakikī nui. Hoʻohanaʻia no ka mea kūikawā, ʻO nā kumuʻole e like me nā pahi, nā koʻi, a iʻole nā ​​pulu.

ʻO kēia helu helu e pili ana i kaʻikepili carbon e pili ana i ka hoʻomaopopoʻana i ka ʻaihue carbon ma ke kila kila hoʻohālikelike, E like me ka hoʻonohonohoʻana i nā waiwai baseline no nā kākela carbon.

2.2 Kila kohu ʻole

Kūʻo Stiinless Steel mai waho mai nā kilokilo o nā carbon no kona kū kū'ēʻana.

Ua hōʻikeʻia kēia hiʻohiʻona mai kānaʻano hoʻohui hoʻohui.

Wehewehe:

ʻO ke kila stielless he alloy o ka hao hao i loaʻa i kahi liʻiliʻi loa 10.5% chromium (Cr) ma ka lehulehu.

ʻO ka chromium i kahi passive, ʻO ka hoʻoponoponoʻana iāʻoe iho i ka'āpana oxde ma kaʻaoʻao o ka kila, ka mea e pale ai iā ia mai ka corrosion a me keʻano.

ʻO ia kēiaʻikepili chromium e hoʻokaʻawale i nā mea kila maikaʻiʻole mai nā kila'ē aʻe.

Huina:

Ma waho aʻe o ka hao a me ka chere chromium, Hiki i nā mea hoʻokūkū ke loaʻa i nā mea'ē aʻe'ē aʻe e hoʻonui ai i nā mea e hoʻonui ai i nā waiwai kiko'ī e like me ka formability, ikaika, a me ka paleʻana o ka corrosioni.

• Chromium (Cr): Ka mea pono, Ka liʻiliʻi loa 10.5%. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o kaʻike chromium kiʻekiʻe loa.
• Nikela (In): Hoʻohui pinepineʻia e hoʻopili i keʻano asseditic (Eʻike i nāʻano ma lalo), e hoʻomaikaʻi i nāʻano, ʻoʻoleʻa, a me ka weldability. E hoʻonui pū i ka paleʻana o Corrosotion i kekahi mau wahi.
• Molybdenum (Mo): Hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kū'ēʻana i ka hoʻopiliʻana a me nā crevice corrosion, i loko o nā wahi i loaʻaʻole (like me ke kai). Hoʻonui pū kekahi i ka ikaika i nā wela kiʻekiʻe.
• Manganese (ʻO Mn): Hiki ke hoʻohanaʻia e like me kahi stabilizer Austente (hoʻokaʻawale i ka nicicl i kekahi mau helu) a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ikaika a me ka hana wela.
• Silika (A): Hana e like me ka deoxidizer a hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kū'ēʻana i ka oxidation ma nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe.
• Kalapona (C): I kēia manawa i nā mea kanu lāʻau, akā, ua mālama pinepineʻia konaʻike. I nā helu Austetitic a me Ferritic, ʻO ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i makemake nuiʻia e pale i kaʻike (chrumium carbode, ʻO ka hōʻemiʻana i ke kū'ēʻana). I nā helu Marbentitic, Pono ke kaʻaila kiʻekiʻe no ka paʻakikī.
• Nitrogen (N): Hoʻonui i ka ikaika a me ka hoʻopiliʻana i ke kū'ē, a stabilizes i keʻano asseditic.
• Nā mea ʻē aʻe: Titanium (No), Nihibium (Nb), keleawe (Cu), Sulfur (S) (No ka hoʻomaikaʻiʻana i ka Macinalibility i kekahi mau helu), Selenium (Me), Aluminum (Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Al), etc., hiki ke hoʻohuiʻia no nā kumu kūikawā.

ʻO nāʻano mea kila kila:

ʻO nā mea hoʻokūkū maikaʻiʻole i heluʻia ma luna o kā lākou micsstructure Metallurgic, i hoʻoholoʻia e kā lākou huiʻana (ka chromium, nikela, a me kaʻikeʻona):

ʻO nā mea kanu lāʻau austetitic:

Kiʻekiʻe ma ka chromium a me ka nickel, Ke hāʻawi nei i ka paleʻana o ka corrossion, formability, a me ka weldability.

Hoʻohana maʻamau i ka hanaʻana i ka meaʻai, nā mea lapaʻau, a me nā palapala hoʻolālā. ʻAʻole i hoʻopaʻaʻia e ka mālama wela.

Nā mea kanu manu ferritic:

Loaʻa i kahi chromium kiʻekiʻe me ka liʻiliʻi a iʻole nickel. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi, mākia, a me ka paleʻana o ka corrosiote.

Hoʻohana pinepineʻia i nā'ōnaehana exhast exhast a me nā hale hana hale. ʻAʻole i wela i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻaʻana no ka paʻakikī.

Martesetitic Stainlele:

Hiki i nāʻike kiʻekiʻe ke hoʻonui i ka paʻakikī ma o ka mālama wela. Kaulana no ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe a me ka ikaika.

Hoʻohanaʻia ma nā pahi, kiwikā, a me nā'āpana'āpana.

ʻO nā mea kanu pīpī fuplex:

Hoʻohui i kahi hana austetitic a me ferritic stuctures, ka hāʻawiʻana i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me ke kū'ē maikaʻi loa.

Kūpono kūpono no nā koina e like me ka Marine, hana kemika, a me nā'ōnaehana piping.

Hoʻopau-paʻakikī (PH) Na kila kila:

Hiki ke hoʻokō i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe ma o ka mālama wela i ka wā e mālama ai i ke kū'ēʻana i ka corrosion.

Maʻamau ma ka aerospace a me nā mea kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe.

ʻO ka hoʻomaopopoʻana i kēia mau papa hana kumu nui no ka mahaloʻana i nā poʻe nunui ma ka ʻaihue carbon ma ke kila kila hoʻohālikelike.

Ka heleʻana o ka liʻiliʻi 10.5% chromium i loko o ke kila stiinless ka corsesttone o kāna weheweheʻana i keʻano: pale ʻino.

3. ʻO ka nānāʻana i nāʻano hana kūpono: ʻO ka hao hao vs

ʻO ka hoʻoholo e hoʻohana ʻaihue carbon ma ke kila kila pinepine nā hinges ma kahi hoʻohālikelike kiko'ī o kā lākouʻano hana.

ʻOiaiʻo lāuaʻelua i nā alloys e pili ana i ka hao, Ke alakaʻi nei ko lākouʻanoʻokoʻa i nāʻano likeʻole i nāʻano likeʻole o kā lākouʻano ma lalo o nā kūlana likeʻole.

3.1 Pale ʻino

ʻO kēia ka mea hoʻokūkū maikaʻi loa a kaulana loa a kaulana hoʻi i ka ʻaihue carbon ma ke kila kila deobte.

ʻO ka hao hao:

ʻO ka carbon soal ka mea i paleʻia ai.

I ka wā i hōʻikeʻia ai i ka mistiture a me ka oxygen, ʻO ka hao ma ka carbon e hoʻololi i nā olididies e hana ai i ka or o iron, iʻike pinepineʻia e like me ka rust.

ʻO ka papa inoaʻo Rust ka mea maʻamau, ʻAʻole e mālama i ka pale i ka metala lalo, aeʻae ana e hoʻomau, ke alakaʻi nei i ka hanaʻole.

ʻO ka helu o ka corrosonition e hilinaʻi ana i nā kumu kūlohelohe e like me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa, mahana wela, hele mai i nā salts (e.g., I nā wahi kahakai a iʻole nā ​​Salts Salts), a me nā mea kanu (e.g., Sulfur COMPSU).

I mea e pale ai a hoʻolohi paha i lalo, ʻO ka carbon should e like me ke koi mau i kahi pale pale (e.g., pehi, garvalirigigling, Wehe) a iʻole nā ​​mea e pili ana i nā ana (e.g., Mālamaʻo Cashodic).

 

Kila kohu ʻole:

Kila kohu ʻole, Ma muli o kāna mea liʻiliʻi loa 10.5% ʻO kaʻikepili chromium, hōʻike i ka paleʻana i ka paleʻana.

ʻO ka chromitium e hana me ka oxygen i ke kaiāulu e hana ai i kahi lahilahi loa, Keka, akaka, a me ka hoʻoponopono houʻana i ka papa hana o ka chromium o chromium (Cr₂o₃) ma ka ili.

Hanaʻia kēia mea hana passive e like me kahi pā, pale aku i ka oxidation a me ka corrosiotion o ka hao ma lalo.

Inā heʻiliʻia ka maka, ʻO ka hopena o ka chromium wikiwiki me ka oxygen e hoʻoponopono hou i kēia pale pale, Ua'ōlelo pinepineʻia kahi phenonon i keʻano he "ho'ōla hou."

ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka corrosion e kū'ē ana i nāʻano kila kila e pili ana i keʻano kiko'ī:

• ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o kaʻike chromium kiʻekiʻe loa.
• ʻO Nickel E hoʻonui i ka paleʻana o ka corrosion e pale a me ke kū'ēʻana i kekahi mau maʻi.
• Ua hoʻomaikaʻi nuiʻo Molybdenum i ke kū'ēʻana i ka paleʻana a me ka crevice corrosiot, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kaiapuni chloride.

ʻO nā mea kanu lāʻau austetitic (Uā 304 a 316) hāʻawi pinepine i nā mea maikaʻi loa a puni.

Ua hāʻawi pūʻo Ferritic Grades i ke kū'ē maikaʻi, ʻOiaiʻo Marbestitic Grades, ma muli o ko lākouʻike kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe a me nā microstructureʻokoʻa, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka corrosion ma mua o nā austevitics a iʻole ferritics me nā pae chromium like.

ʻO nā mea hoʻokūkū Fuplex i nā mea e hāʻawi i nā pale maikaʻi loa i nāʻano kiko'ī e like me ke kaumaha o ke kaumaha.

ʻO ka hōʻuluʻuluʻana no ke kū'ēʻana: I ka ʻaihue carbon ma ke kila kila hoʻohālikelike, ʻO ke kila stienless ka mea lanakila ma ka mea lanakila no ka paleʻana i ka paleʻana.

3.2 Paʻakikī a hoʻopaʻa i ke kū'ē

ʻO ka paʻakikī o ka paleʻana o kahi mea i loko o ka mea plasticia, e like me ka huhū a iʻole ke kauʻana.

ʻO ka paleʻana i ka pale o kona hiki ke pale aku i nā pōʻino a me nā mea waiwai ma muli o ka friction, abrasion, a iʻole erosion.

ʻO ka hao hao:

ʻO ka paʻakikī a me ka paleʻana o ka paleʻana o ka carbon i hoʻoholo nuiʻia e kona mau meaʻona a me ka mālama wela.

• Nā lole haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa a he palupalu i nā pale a me nā pale.
• Hiki i nā mea kiki kila ke hoʻokō i nā paʻakikī paʻakikī a me nā pale pale, ʻoi aku ma hope o ka mālama ʻana i ka wela.
• Hiki i nā mea kilokilo kiʻekiʻe ke wela i ka wela (ua pāʻia) e hoʻokō i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka paʻakikī a me ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi loa, Ke hana pono iā lākou no nā meaʻokiʻoki a me nā'āpana. Ka heleʻana o nā kaʻa (e like me ka carbide hao hao, Fe₃c a iʻole cementite) Ma ka micrstructure e hāʻawi nui ana i ka paleʻana i ke kū'ē.

Kila kohu ʻole:

ʻO ka paʻakikī a me nā lole pale o nā kila kila maikaʻiʻole ma waena o nāʻano likeʻole:

• ʻO nā mea kanu lāʻau austetitic (e.g., 304, 316) e palupalu i loko o kā lākou kūlana i hoʻohuiʻia akā hiki ke paʻakikīʻia e ke anuanu (Strain Hardening). Ua loaʻa iā lākou ka paleʻana i nā pale i keʻano akā hiki ke hōʻehaʻia mai ka heleʻana (kahiʻano o nā lole i hanaʻia e ka adhesion ma waena o nā wahi papa) ma lalo o nā ukana kiʻekiʻe me ka lubrication.
• He palupalu nā mea hoʻokūkū ferritic. ʻO kā lākou kāʻei lole.
• Martesetitic Stainlele (e.g., 410, 420, 440C) i hoʻolālāʻia e hoʻopaʻaʻia e ka mālama wela. Hiki iā lākou ke hoʻokō i nā kiʻekiʻe paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe (Hoʻohālikelike a iʻole a iʻole nā ​​mea kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe-carbon) a hōʻike mai i ka paleʻana i ke kū'ē, Nā helu helu me nā kāleka kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe a me nā chromium ka mea i hana i nā kaʻa chromium paʻakikī.
• ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā mea hoʻokūkū fuplex.
• Hoʻopau-paʻakikī (PH) Hiki i nā mea hoʻokūkū ke hoʻokō i nā paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe a me nā pale maikaʻi ma hope o ka mālamaʻana i nā hoʻomaʻamaʻa.

Hōʻuluʻulu no ka paʻakikī a me ka paleʻana i ke kū'ē:

Ke hoʻohālikelike nei ʻaihue carbon ma ke kila kila No kēia mau waiwai:

• ʻO nā kiʻi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe-carbon i mālamaʻia a me nā mea i hanaʻia ma mua o nā kilokilo maikaʻi loa i hanaʻia ma mua.
• ʻO nā mea hoʻokūkūʻo Austetetitic a me nā mea hoʻokūkū Ferritic, Ināʻaʻole i hana nuiʻia (Austetetitic).

3.3 Paʻakikī a me ka hopena hopena

ʻO ka paʻakikī he hiki i kahi mea waiwai ke hoʻopili i ka ikehu a me ka deformically deform ma mua o ka hoʻopiliʻana. Hōʻike i ke kū'ē kū'ē i ka hiki i kona hiki ke hele koke, ʻO ka hoʻoukaʻana kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe (he hopena).

ʻO ka hao hao:

ʻO ka paʻakikī o ka carbon e pili ana i keʻano e pili ana i kāna mau kuʻuna a me ka paʻakikī.

• ʻO nā mea haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa a he paʻakikī loa, Ke hōʻike nei i ka paleʻana i ka hopena maikaʻi loa, ka nui ma ka lumi a me nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe. Eia naʻe, hiki iā lākou ke lilo i brittle ma nā wela haʻahaʻa (ʻO Duticle-to-brittle transledition mahana, Dbtt).
• Hāʻawiʻo nā pahu pahu-medium-carbon i kahi kaulike kūpono o ka ikaika a me ka paʻakikī.
• Nā kākela kiʻekiʻe, nui i ka wā paʻakikī, he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa aʻoi aku ka nui o nā brittle, ʻO keʻano he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa lākou.

Hoʻomaʻamaʻa wela (e like me ka huhū ma hope o ka quanching) he mea nui no ka hoʻomaikaʻiʻana i ka paʻakikī o ka paʻakikī a me nā kākāna kiʻekiʻe.

Kila kohu ʻole:

ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o ka mea paʻakikī me keʻano o ke kila kila:

• ʻO nā mea kanu lāʻau austetitic (e.g., 304, 316) Hōʻike i ka paʻakikī maikaʻi loa a me ka hoʻomauʻana, i lalo i nā wela o ka cryogen. ʻAʻole lākou e hōʻike maʻamau i kahi hoʻololiʻana o Ductile-to-brittle. Mālama kēia iā lākou no nā noi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.
• ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā mea a ferritic ma mua o nā mea haʻahaʻa ma mua o Austeviticics, nui loa ma nā'āpana thiker a iʻole ma nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. Hiki iā lākou ke hōʻike i kahi dbtt. ʻO kekahi mau helu helu i ka "475 ° C embrittlement" ma hope o ka loaʻaʻana o ka hopena i nā wela waena.
• Martesetitic Stainlele, I ka wā i pilikia ai i nā pae kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, tress i kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a hiki ke lilo i brittle ināʻaʻole kūpono. Hoʻonui ka huhūʻana i ka paʻakikī akā pinepine ma ka uku o kekahi paʻakikī.
• Hāʻawiʻo Duplex i nā mea hoʻokūkū maikaʻi loa e hāʻawi i ka paʻakikī, pinepine pinepine i nā helu ferritic aʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā kumukūʻai ma mua o nā pae kiʻekiʻe ma nā pae kiʻekiʻe, ʻOiaiʻaʻole maʻamau e like me ke kiʻekiʻe e like me nā helu Austentic ma nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa.
• Hiki i nā mea hoʻokūkū pH e hiki ke loaʻa i ka paʻakikī maikaʻi me ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe, Ke hilinaʻi nei i ka mālamaʻana i ka hana.

ʻO ka hōʻuluʻuluʻana no ka paʻakikī a me ka hopena hopena:

I ka ʻaihue carbon ma ke kila kila komopex:

• Hāʻawiʻo Austetitic i nā mea hoʻokūkū Austetitic i ka hui maikaʻi loa o ka paʻakikī a me ka hoʻomauʻana, kūikawā ma nā wela haʻahaʻa.
• He paʻakikī loa nā mea kilokilo haʻahaʻa akā hiki ke kaupalenaʻia e kā lākou DBTT.
• ʻO nā kilokilo kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe a me nā mea hoʻokūkū maikaʻi ma Martessitic.

3.4 Ka ikaika a me ka elongation

Ka ikaika tensile (ʻO ka ikaika ʻoi loa, UTS) ʻO ke kaumaha nui loa i hiki i kahi mea keʻoi aku i keʻano o keʻanoʻana a huki paha ma mua o ka leleʻana.

ʻO ka elongation kahi ana o ka ductility, e hōʻike ana i ka nui o nā mea e hiki ai i kahi mea e pono ai ke hana ma mua o ka hoʻopiliʻana.

ʻO ka hao hao:

• Ikaika U'i: Hoʻonui me nāʻikepili i ka carbon a me ka mālama wela (No nā mea kanu a me nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe).
  • Kekuhi Kahule haʻahaʻa: ~ 400-550 MPA (58-80 ksi)
  • Ke kila kiladi (Anned): ~ 550-700 mpa (80-102 ksi); (i mālamaʻia): hiki ke kiʻekiʻe loa, a hiki i 1000+ MPa.
  • Ke kila kila kiʻekiʻe (i mālamaʻia): Hiki ke keu 1500-2000 MPa (217-290 ksi) No kekahi mau helu a me nā mālama.
• ʻO ka lōʻihi: Ka pauʻana o ka maʻamau e like me ka uluʻana o ka carbon a me ka hoʻonui ikaika. ʻO nā pahu kaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa (e.g., 25-30% ewangantion), ʻOiaiʻo nā kālena nui paʻakikī i loaʻa i nā mea ellongation kiʻekiʻe loa (<10%).

Kila kohu ʻole:

• Ikaika U'i:
  • Austenitic (e.g., 304 Anned): ~ 515-620 MPA (75-90 ksi). Hiki ke hoʻonui nuiʻia e ka hana anuanu (e.g., e luna 1000 MPa).
  • Feritic (e.g., 430 Anned): ~ 450-5 mpa (65-75 ksi).
  • Martensitic (e.g., 410 i mālamaʻia): Hiki i ka helu mai ~ 500 mpa e noho ai 1300 MPa (73-190 ksi) Ma muli o ka mālama wela. 440C hiki ke kiʻekiʻe aʻe.
  • Duplex (e.g., 2205): ~ 620-800 MPPA (90-116 ksi) a iʻole ke kiʻekiʻe.
  • Nā Kuʻi PH (e.g., 17-4Hanaʻia): Hiki ke hoʻokō i nā ikaika kiʻekiʻe, e.g., 930-1310 MPa (135-190 ksi).
• ʻO ka lōʻihi:
  • Austenitic: Maikaʻi loa elongation i loko o ka moku'āina (e.g., 40-60%), ho'ēmi me ka hana anuanu.
  • Feritic: ELOHE ANA (e.g., 20-30%).
  • Martensitic: Lalo iho, ka mea nui i ka wā i hoʻopaʻaʻia ai i nā pae kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe (e.g., 10-20%).
  • Duplex: Elele (e.g., 25% a iʻole).

ʻO ka hōʻuluʻuluʻana no ka ikaika a me ka elongation:

ʻO ka ʻaihue carbon ma ke kila kila Hōʻike ka hoʻohālikelikeʻana i kahi ākea ākea no nāʻelua:

• Hiki i nāʻohanaʻelua ke hoʻokō i nā ikaika kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe ma o ka hoʻonuiʻana a me ka mālama wela (ʻO nā kila kila kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe a me nā kinipōpō / ph).
• ʻO nā mea kilokilo haʻahaʻa a me nā kinikini annetetitic austevitic (ewangantion).
• ʻO nā mana ikaika kiʻekiʻe o nā meaʻelua e loaʻa i nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.

3.5 Hiʻohiʻona a me ka mālama kino

ʻO nā Aesthetics a me ka hoʻopauʻana i ka noʻonoʻo pinepine, kūikawā no nā huahana kūʻai aku a iʻole nā ​​noi noi.

ʻO ka hao hao:

ʻO kaʻaihue carbon e loaʻa ana i kahi dull, Matte hina hina i loko o kona kūlana. He mea ia e pili ana i ka oxidation (Kāʻe) Inā haʻaleleʻoleʻia, ʻo ia ka mea e pono ai nosthetically no ka hapa nui o nā noi.
Nā mea kino kino: E hoʻomaikaʻi i keʻano a hāʻawi i ka pale o ka pale, Ua hana mauʻia ka carbon carbon. Nā mea hana maʻamau e komo ai:

• Kāleka: Laulā ākea o nā kala a me ka hoʻopauʻana.
• ʻO ka pauka: ʻO ka hoʻopauʻana a me ka hopena maikaʻi.
• ʻO ka hoʻoulu ʻana: ʻO ka uhiʻana me Zinc no ka pale o Corrosiot (nā hopena i loko o kahiʻano pōkole a iʻole paha).
• Wehe: ʻO ka uhiʻana me nā metala'ē aʻe e like me ka chromium (hōʻike chrome), nikela, a iʻole cadmium no ka helehelena a me ka pale.
• ʻO ka bluing a iʻole kaʻili o ka pipi: Ke keokeo hoʻololi e hāʻawi ai i ka paleʻana o ka corrosion i ka pale a me keʻano pōʻeleʻele, Hoʻohana pinepineʻia no nā mea hana a me nā pū ahi.

Kila kohu ʻole:

ʻO ke kila maikaʻiʻole i kaulanaʻia no kāna mea hoihoi, hoʻomālamalama, a me keʻano hou. ʻO ka chromuum chromuum e hoʻohuliʻia, eʻae ana i ka luster metallic e hōʻike ai.
Lalau kikowaena: Hiki ke hāʻawiʻiaʻo Stiinless Steel me nāʻano likeʻole o nā millal a iʻole e hana houʻia e hoʻokō i nā hopena aesthetic kūikawā:

• 'Freen Fekē (e.g., ʻAʻole. 1, 2B, 2ʻO D): ʻOkoʻa mai ka dull i ka noʻonoʻo maʻalahi. 2B he mea maʻamau maʻamau.
• Hoʻopili i nā loli (e.g., ʻAʻole. 4, ʻAʻole. 8 Aniani): Hiki ke nānā mai i kahi nānāʻana o ka satin (ʻAʻole. 4) i kahi aniani koʻikoʻi nui (ʻAʻole. 8). Loaʻaʻia kēia mau mea e ka mea hoʻomaʻamaʻa.
• Nā Kūlana Kūlana: Hiki ke hoʻopiliʻia nā hiʻohiʻona a hoʻopiliʻia i loko o ka papa no nā kumu hoʻonani a iʻole nā ​​hana hana (e.g., hoʻomaikaʻi i ka grip, ho'ēmi i ka maʻi).
• ʻO ke kila kila kala: Loaʻa ma o nā kaʻina hana uila a iʻole nā ​​hana uila e hoʻololi i ka mānoanoa o ka papa hana passive, Ke hana nei i nā kala kala, a iʻole ma o PVD (ʻO ka waihoʻana i ke kino kino) nā uhi.

ʻAʻole pono ke kilaʻo StANALS maʻamau i ka pena a iʻole ka uhiʻana no ka paleʻana o ka corrosonition, hiki i kahi mea i loaʻa i kahi hana lōʻihi lōʻihi. ʻO kāna mau mea i hiki pinepine ke kumu nui no kona koho.

ʻO ka hōʻuluʻulu no ka helehelena a me ka mālama kino:

I ka ʻaihue carbon ma ke kila kila hoʻohālikelike no keʻano:

• Hāʻawiʻo Stiinless Steel i kahi mea nani maoli a me keʻano resrosiot-resistant e hiki ke hoʻonui houʻia.
• Pono ke kaʻaahi carbon i nā mālama kino no nā aestheticsʻelua a me ka pale o ka pale.

4. ʻO ka hoʻohālikelikeʻana o ka corrosionion: ʻO ka hao hao vs (I ka hohonu)

ʻO kaʻokoʻa ma ka paleʻana o ka corrosion e pili ana i ka ʻaihue carbon ma ke kila kila hoʻoholo eʻike i nā mea nānā hou aku.

4.1 ʻO ka Mancharity Corrosions

ʻO ka corrosion ka lukuʻana i ka pukaʻana o nā mea (ʻO ka maʻamau me nā metals) e ka mea kanu a iʻole nā ​​hopena electrochemical me ko lākou wahi.

No nā alloys i haoʻia e like me ke kila, ʻO keʻano maʻamau ka mea maʻamau.

• Corrosione o ka kila carbon (Kāʻe):
  Ke hōʻikeʻia neiʻo carbon carel i kahi kaiāulu e pili ana i ka oxygen a me ka nui (ʻO ka haʻahaʻa i ka lewa), Ua hoʻokumuʻia kahi kelepona uila ma luna o konaʻaoʻao.
  1. Anodic hopena: hao (ʻO Fe) nā mea i nalowale nā ​​electrons (oxidize) e lilo i nāʻona hao (KAHIKAI):
     Fo → BAD + 2e⁻
  2. ʻO ka hopena o Catroodic: Oxycongen (OAHO) a me ka wai (Hue) Ma kaʻaoʻao eʻae i kēia mau electrons (hoʻemi):
     OAHO + 2Hue + 4e → 4thoh⁻ (I nā kūlana kūponoʻole a iʻole nā ​​kūlana alkaline)
     or O₂ + 4H⁺ + 4E⁻ → → 2:Go (I nā kūlana Acidic)
  3. Ka hoʻokumuʻana o ka'ōpala: ʻO nā mea hao hao (KAHIKAI) A laila e hana me nā veldroxide (ʻAe) a me nā oxygen me ka oxygen e hana i nā milita hao hydted, ka mea iʻikeʻia e like me ka rust. ʻO kahiʻano maʻamau he ferric hydroxide, ʻO Fe(Oh)₃, a laila e hōʻoleʻia i fe₂o-· nh₂o.
     KAHIKAI + 2Oh⁻ → ka hope(Oh)₂ (ʻO ka hydroxide hydroxide)
     4ʻO Fe(Oh)₂ + OAHO + 2Hutut → 4Fela(Oh)₃ (ferric hydroxide - rust)
     Ua hanaʻia ka papa lole Rust ma keʻano carbon:

• Polō: Eʻae iā ia i ka wai a me ka oxygen e komo i loko o ke kala lalo.
• Non-adherent / flaky: Hiki ke maʻalahi maʻalahi, ka hoʻolahaʻana i nā metal hou e hoʻoponopono hou.
• Voluumiorous: Nohoʻo Rust i kahi nui nui ma mua o ka hao mua, hiki i nā mea ke hōʻeha i nā kaumaha a me nā hōʻino i nā hana i hoʻopaʻaʻia.

Pela, ʻO ka corrosioni ma keʻano carbon he kaʻina hana pilikinoʻole ia ke paleʻoleʻia keʻano.

4.2 ʻO Anti-corrosione e hana no ka carel carbon

Ma muli o kona kānalua i ka corrosiot, Pono ke kaʻaahi kaʻa e koi mau i nā hana pale i ka wā i hoʻohanaʻia ma nā wahi i hoʻohanaʻia me ka mistiture a me ka oxygen.

Hoʻokomoʻia nā hoʻolālā maʻamau:

1. Pio ke pale: Ke hana nei i kahi kūlana kino ma waena o ka mea kila a me ke kaiāulu.
   • Nā pena a me nā lole kūlohelohe: Hoʻolako i kahi pā hale a hiki ke loaʻa i nā inhiboron. Koi i ka hoʻomākaukau kūpono kūpono no ka adhesion maikaʻi. Kumuhana i ka hōʻino a me ka hōʻehaʻana, koi ana i ka hoʻoponopono houʻana.
   • Nā lole pāʻaniwai:
     • ʻO ka hoʻoulu ʻana: E uhi me zinc (wela-dip galvalizing a iʻole ka electrogalvalizing). Uaʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o Zinc ma mua o ka hao, No laila he hui nui (ʻO ka paleʻana i ka paleʻana a iʻole ka paleʻana o ka cathodic) ʻOiai inā heʻokiʻia ka cheating.
     • Wehe: E hui pū me nā metala e like me ka chromium, nikela, tin, a iʻole cadmium. Kekahi e hāʻawi i ka pale pale, maahua (E like me ka chrome ma luna o nickel) hoʻolako i kahi mea hoʻonaninani a me nā lole paʻa.
   • Nā constings: Nā mea lapaʻau e like me ka phosphating a iʻole kaʻeleʻele, e hana ana i kahi laka, ʻO ka mea e hāʻawi ai i ka mea e hāʻawi ai i ke kū'ēʻana i ke kū'ēʻana a me ka hoʻomaikaʻiʻana i ka adhesion pena.
2. AliLila (Nā puʻu haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa): ʻO nā hoʻohui liʻiliʻi o nā mea e like me ke keleawe, chromium, nikela, a hiki i ka psphotris ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka paleʻana o ka corrosion corrosion ma o ka hoʻokumuʻana i kahi papa inoa hou (e.g., "ʻO nā mea hele wāwae" e like me coni-ʻumi). Eia naʻe, ʻAʻole like kēia mau mea i nā mea kanu lāʻau.
3. Mālamaʻo Cashodic: Ke hana nei i ka crael kila carbon i ka catrode o kahi cell electrochecical.
   • Kālā Anode: E hoʻopili ana i kahi metala hou (e like me zinc, magnesium, a iʻole alumini) ʻO kēlā mau corrodes ma kahi o ke kila.
   • Mahalo i kēia manawa: Ke noi nei i kahi DC i kēia manawa e hoʻoikaika i ka mea kila e lilo i cathode.
     Hoʻohana no nā hana nui e like me nā piko, Kānā Hou, a me nā pahu mālama.
4. Kaʻiʻikeʻaʻa: E hoʻololi ana i ke kaiāulu e hoʻolōʻihi ai i ka hoʻoponopono, e.g., deemuidition, Ke hoʻohana nei i nā inhibion ​​i nā'ōnaehana paʻa.

ʻO kēia mau ana e hoʻohui ai i ke kumukūʻai a me ka paʻakikī o ka hoʻohanaʻana i ke kila carbon akā pono pinepine e hoʻokō i ka ola lawelawe.

4.3 "ʻO ka ho'ōlaʻana iāʻoe iho"

Hoʻokumu:

Kila kohu ʻole (≥10.5% cr) hana i kahi laka, chromi nui chromium (Cr₂o₃) e hele ana i ka wā iʻikeʻia ai i ka oxygen (ea a wai paha):
2Cr + 3/2 Iin → cr₂o
ʻO kēia kiʻi pāʻoihanaʻo ia wale nō 1-5 mau mea nui i ka laulā akā paʻa i nā mea paʻa a paʻa i kaʻaoʻao a pale aku i ka corrosione hou.

Na Waiwai Ki:

• Pale pale: Poloka i nā alaloa o nā alapine mai ka hikiʻana i ka mea hao.
• Smotically stable: Hoʻokomoʻia nā mea kū'ē i ka poʻe i nā wahi nui.
• Ke ho'ōla nei: Inā stctiched, ʻO ka hoʻomaʻamaʻaʻana i ka papa hana koke i ka hana oxygen.
• TransAntY: No laila he mau mea eʻikeʻia ai ka luster o keʻano o keʻano.

Nā mea e hoʻonui nui ai:

• Chromium: ʻOi aku ka nui o nā kiʻi cr = ikaika.
• Molybdenum (Mo): Hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kū'ē i nā chrides (e.g., i loko 316).
• Nikela (In): Stabilizes austente a hoʻonui i ke kū'ēʻana i ke kū'ēʻana i nā maʻi.
• Pahoimanunu: Maalahi, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā papa hana manuahi.

Nā palena - i ka wā e pau ai ka mea kūʻai aku:

• Nā Hōʻea Chrloge: Alakaʻi i ka pitting a me ka crevice corrosion.
• Hōʻemi i nā maʻi: Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i ka papa hana passive.
• ʻO ka hemahema o ka oxygen: ʻAʻohe oxygen =ʻaʻohe mea e hele ai.
• Hōʻikeʻike: ʻO ka mālama ponoʻana i ka wela wela e hana i ka chromium chromium i nā palena palaoa; neʻeʻia e nā carbon haʻahaʻa a iʻole nā ​​helu helu (e.g., 304L, 316L).

Ka hopena:

ʻOiaiʻaʻole hikiʻole, ʻO ke kiʻi houʻana o ke kiʻiʻoniʻoniʻo Stielless Mode, ʻO ka mālama haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa-pale o nā mea hana nui loa o kāna mau mea nui loa ma luna o ke kākela carbon.

5. ʻO ka hao hao vs: ʻO ka hana ʻana a me ka hana ʻana

Nāʻokoʻa i ka huiʻana o ke kaila a me nā microsructure ma waena o ʻaihue carbon ma ke kila kila e alakaʻi nō hoʻi i nā loli i kā lākouʻano i ka wā maʻamau a me nā hana hana.

5.1 ʻoki ʻoki, Hoʻokumu, a kanikau iho la

He mau kaʻina hana kālā nui kēia, a me ke koho o keʻano kila kila e hopena iā lākou.

ʻoki ʻoki:

• ʻO ka hao hao:
  • ʻO nā kila haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e hōʻoki i ka hoʻohanaʻana i nāʻano likeʻole: lā iho, 'OiEPE, ʻO kaʻokiʻana o Plasma, Oxy-feel cuting (clame cutting), a me kaʻokiʻana i ka laser.
  • E lilo nā mea kilokilo kiʻekiʻe a me nā kila kiʻekiʻe eʻokiʻia eʻokiʻia e like me ka hoʻonuiʻana o ka carbon. Ke kūleʻa nei nāʻoki o ka oxy-feel, akā, pono paha e pono paha e pono i nā'āpana he nui o nā helu carbon kiʻekiʻe e pale ai i ka cracking. Mīkini ('OiEPE, wili palaoa) koi aku i nā mea hana hou a me nā wikiwiki wikiwiki.
• Kila kohu ʻole:
  • ʻO nā mea kanu lāʻau austetitic (e.g., 304, 316) ʻikeʻia no ko lākou hana kiʻekiʻe-paʻakikī paʻakikī a me nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i hoʻohālikelikeʻia i ke kila carbon. Hiki iā ia ke hana hou iā lākou i ka mīkini (ʻoki, wiliwili, Mimānia). Pono lākou i nā pono hana, nā hoʻonohonoho rigid, ʻO nā wikiwiki wikiwiki, Kūpono nui, a me ka lubrication maikaʻi / hōʻoluʻolu e pale aku ai i nā mea hana e hoʻohana ai a me nā mea hana hoʻoikaika. Hoʻopiliʻia nāʻokiʻoki a me kaʻokiʻana o Plasma. ʻAʻole lākou eʻoki pinepineʻia e nā ala oxy-feel no ka mea chromium e nānā i ka oxide e pono ai no ke kaʻina hana.
  • ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o nā meaʻala o Ferritic ma mua o ka mīkini ma mua o Austenticics, me ka hana kokoke i kahi kila haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, akā, hiki ke lilo i "Gummy."
  • Martesetics Staditic, akā hiki ke paʻakikī. I kā lākou moku'āina paʻakikī, He mea paʻakikī loa lākou i ka mīkini a pono pinepine i ka hoʻopaʻaʻana.
  • ʻO nā mea hoʻokūkū maikaʻi loaʻo Duplex, ʻO ka hanaʻana iā lākou i mea paʻakikī loa i ka mīkini ma mua o Austeticics. Pono lākou i nā mea hana i nā mea hana a me nā'āpana kūpono.

Hoʻokumu (Hanau, Hukiʻulu, Noho '):

• ʻO ka hao hao:
  • ʻO nā mea kilokilo haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa e pili ana ma muli o kā lākou mau hana maikaʻi loa a me ka uku haʻahaʻa. Hiki iā lākou ke kau i ka hana nui plasticitation o ka pale.
  • Ua hoʻemiʻia nā lole kiʻekiʻe a me nā kāleka kiʻekiʻe-kiʻekiʻe. Pono pinepine ka hoʻokumuʻana i nā ikaika hou aku, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka radi, a e pono paha e hanaʻia ma nā mahana kiʻekiʻe a iʻole ma ke kūlana anneed.
• Kila kohu ʻole:
  • ʻO nā mea hoʻokūkū Austetitic i hanaʻia ma muli o ko lākou mau kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe a me ka elongation maikaʻi, ʻOiai lākou i ko lākouʻano e hana ai. Hiki i ka hana paʻakikī ke loaʻa i nā hana hana i kekahi hana hana e like me ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka ikaika o ka'āpana i hanaʻia. Eia naʻe, ʻO ia nō hoʻi eʻoi aku ka nui o nā hana kiʻekiʻe e hoʻohālikelikeʻia i nā kila haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, aʻo Springback hiki ke hoʻonui houʻia.
  • ʻO nā mea hele maikaʻi loaʻo Ferritic, like a iʻole a emi iki paha ma mua o ke kila haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, akā, hiki ke kaupalenaʻia e ko lākou mau haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i hoʻohālikelikeʻia i Austetics.
  • ʻO Martessitic Stainless Steels i loaʻa i nā meaʻino maikaʻi loa, nui loa ma ke kūlana paʻakikī. Hoʻohana pinepineʻia ka hoʻokumuʻana ma ka moku'āina.
  • ʻO nā mea kilokilo maikaʻiʻoleʻo Duplex, e hana ana iā lākou i mea paʻakikī loa e hana. Koi lākou i nā koina kiʻekiʻe a mālama pono i ka nānāʻana i ka radiii.

wiliwili:

ʻO ka hana nui: I ka ʻaihue carbon ma ke kila kila hoʻohālikelike no ka mea hana maʻamau, ʻO ka hōʻailona haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa pinepine ka maʻalahi a maʻalahi hoʻi e hana pū me. ʻO nā mea kanu lāʻau austetitic, ʻOiai no ka hana a me ka hikiʻole, Hōʻike i nā pilikia kūʻokoʻa e like me ka hana paʻakikī a pono e koi i nāʻenehana likeʻole a me nā mea kūʻai aku.

5.2 ʻO ke kaʻina hana wela

ʻO ka hana wela e pili ana i ka hoʻomehanaʻana i ka hoʻomehanaʻana a me ka hōʻoluʻoluʻana i nā metala e hoʻololi i kā lākou microstructure a loaʻa i nā waiwai i makemakeʻia.

ʻO ka hao hao:

Nā Kahu Pūnaewele, nā helu kiʻekiʻe a me nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe-kiʻekiʻe, he pane nui loa i nā lāʻau wela wela:

• Hoʻopili: Hoʻeha a hoʻolōʻihi i ka hoʻoluʻu e hoʻolōʻihi i ka kila, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ductility a me ka machinitability, A e hōʻoluʻolu i nā kaumaha kūloko.
• Hana maʻamau: Hoʻalamiʻana ma luna o ka mahana koʻikoʻi a me ka lewa e hōʻoluʻolu ai e pale i keʻano grain a hoʻomaikaʻi i nā pono o nā waiwai.
• Paʻakiki (Ke kinai ana): Ke hāpaiʻana i ka martentinizing wela a laila wikiwiki wikiwiki (kinai ana) I ka wai, aila, a iʻole ka ea e hoʻololi ai iā Austentite i Martissite, he paʻakikī paʻakikī a brithe. ʻO nā mea hoʻokūkū wale nō me nā mea kūpono e lawa ai (maki >0.3%) hiki ke paʻakikī nuiʻia e ka quanching.
• ʻO ka hoʻohenehene: E hoʻihoʻi hou i kahi lālau (hākūʻia) ʻO Steel i kahi mahana kūikawā ma lalo o keʻano koʻikoʻi, ka hoʻopaʻaʻana no kahi manawa, a laila hoʻomaʻemaʻe. Hoʻololi kēia i ka brittleness, Hoʻomaha i nā kaumaha, a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka paʻakikī, ʻO ka maʻamau me ka hōʻemiʻana i ka paʻakikī a me ka ikaika. ʻO nā waiwai hope loa e kāohiʻia e ka mahana wela.
• Hoʻopaʻa paʻakikī (Carpurize, Nitriding, etc.): ʻO nā hana paʻakikī e paʻakikī i ka carbon a iʻole nitrogen i loko o ka papa o nā'āpana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e hana i kahi paʻakikī, ʻO nā hihia waho-resistant out i ka wā e mālama ana i kahi kumu paʻakikī.

Kila kohu ʻole:

ʻO nā pane maikaʻi o ka wela wela i nāʻano likeʻole o nāʻano likeʻole o nā kila kūpono:

• ʻO nā mea kanu lāʻau austetitic: ʻAʻole hiki ke paʻakikī i ka mālama wela (ke kinai ana a me ka hoonaukiuki) no ka mea, ua paʻa ko lākouʻano austetitic.
  • Hoʻopili (Hoʻoholo hōʻoluʻolu): E hāpai ana i kahi mahana kiʻekiʻe (e.g., 1000-1150° C a 1850-2100 ° F) hahaiʻia e REPID ELDING (ka wai wai no nā'āpana hehi) e hoʻokaʻawale i nā carbides i hoʻopiliʻia a hōʻoia i ka hoʻolālā austetitic piha. ʻO kēia ka mea e hana ai i ka waihona, E hōʻoluʻolu i nā kaumaha mai ka hana anuanu, a ke kū'ē neiʻo Maximizes Corrosion.
  • Hoʻopau pilikia: Hiki ke hana ma nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, akā e mālama pono e pale aku i ka nānāʻana i ka nānāʻana i nā helu non-l a iʻole nā ​​helu heluʻole.
• Nā mea kanu manu ferritic: ʻAʻole maʻamau i hōʻoiaʻia e ka mālama wela. ʻO lākou ka mea maʻamau e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ductility a hoʻomaha i nā kaumaha. Hiki i kekahi mau helu ke hōʻeha i ka embrittlement inā paʻaʻia i kekahi mau mahana.
• Martesetitic Stainlele: I hoʻolālāʻia e hoʻopaʻaʻia e ka mālama wela. ʻO ke kaʻina hana:
  • Austetinizing: Ke hāpaiʻana i kahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe e hana ai i ka austente.
  • Ke kinai ana: Rapid holoi (I ka aila a iʻole ka ea, Ke hilinaʻi nei i ka papa) E hoʻololi i ka austenteite i Martikete.
  • ʻO ka hoʻohenehene: Ke kiʻi hou nei i kahi mahana kiko'ī e hoʻokō ai i ke kaulike i makemakeʻia o ka paʻakikī, ikaika, a me ka oolea.
• ʻO nā mea kanu pīpī fuplex: Hāʻawi pinepineʻia i loko o ka hopena-anneed a me ke kūlana. Ka lāʻau lapaʻau (e.g., 1020-1100° C a 1870-2010 ° F) He koʻikoʻi no ka hoʻokōʻana i nā kaulike kūpono o ka Ferrite-Austentete.
• Hoʻopau-paʻakikī (PH) Na kila kila: Ma lalo o kahi mālama welaʻelua:
  • ʻO ka hopena hana (Hoʻopili): Like me keʻano hoʻohālikelike austetetic, e kau i nā mea hana alloying i loko o ka hopena paʻa.
  • ʻEhā (Paakiki ka ua): E kiʻi hou i kahi mahana haʻahaʻa (e.g., 480-620° C a iʻole 900-1150 ° F) No kahi manawa kūikawā eʻae ai i nā mea maikaʻi o nā kikowaena kūpono, hoʻonui nui i ka ikaika a me ka paʻakikī.

ʻO ka ʻaihue carbon ma ke kila kila Hōʻike ka hoʻohālikelikeʻana i nā mea he nui nā kilokilo he nui i nā kilokilo nui i ka piʻiʻana a me ka huhū no ko lākou mau mea hope loa, ʻO ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa wela e hoʻokokoke ana no nā mea hoʻowalewale maikaʻiʻole eʻoi aku ka nui, tailored i kā lākouʻano microptructural kiko'ī.

6. ʻO ka hao hao vs: Wahi noi

ʻO nāʻanoʻokoʻa o ʻaihue carbon ma ke kila kila alakaʻi maoli iā lākou e makemakeʻia ma nā wahi noi likeʻole. Ke alakaʻi nei ka koho i nā koi o nā hana, kūlana kaiapuni, nā manaʻo lōʻihi, a me ke kumukuai.

6.1 Nā wahi noi o ka kila kila

ʻO keʻano o nā mea kūʻai mua o ke ceel a me ka corosion i hui pūʻia me kāna hoʻopiʻi aesthetic, ʻO nā waiwai o nā HYGIENIC, a me ka ikaika maikaʻi i nā helu he nui, hana kūpono ia no ka nui o nā noi noi:

ʻO ka hanaʻai meaʻai a me nā mea kanu:

• Mea lako: Nā'Ka, kuai, paipu, kaniulail, ʻO nā papa hana hoʻomākaukau i nā mea kanu a me nā mea kanu waiwai (maʻamau 304l, 316L no ka hygiene a me ke kū'ēʻana).
• Cupita a me kaʻoki: Nā pots, ʻehā, pahi, nā mākia, nā pā (Nā helu helu like 304, 410, 420, 440C).
• NāʻIke Kū Pāʻani Kūlana: Sinks, nā interors fhhwasher, nā puka refrigeri, nā umu.

ʻO ka lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka lāʻau lapaʻau:

• Nā mea kani: Nā scalpels, Nā ikaika, Clack (ʻO nā māka martestitic e like me 420, 440C no ka paʻakikī a me nā koi; kekahi mau austesitics e like me 316l).
• NA KEKI ANA: ʻO nā mea hoʻohui hoʻohui (Hips, kuli kuli), Nā Kiʻi Mūʻoki, hookomo niho (Nā māla bioomhatible e like me 316lvm, ʻO Titanium ka mea maʻamau).
• Nā lako hana o Plarmaceutical: Kāleka, paipu, a me nā'āpana e koi ai i ka maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe a me ke kū'ēʻana i nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe hoʻomaʻemaʻe hoʻomaʻemaʻe.

ʻO nāʻoihana a me nāʻoihana holoholona:

• Nā'Ka, Kāleka, a me nā mea hana: No ka mālamaʻana a me ka ho'ōlaʻana i nā mea kanu corrosive (316L, ʻO nā kākela Duplex, ʻO nā Austetics kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe).
• Pūnaehana Paipu: Ke hele nei i nā wai o nā corrostive.
• Nā mea hana wela: Kahi e kū pono ai ka paleʻana a me ka hoʻoiliʻana.

Hoʻolālā a me ke kūkulu ʻana:

• ʻO ka pā'ālua o ka pā'ālua: No ka hanaʻana a me ka hoʻopiʻi aesthetic (e.g., 304, 316).
• Ka hale a me ka flashing: ʻO ka lōʻihi lōʻihi a me ke kūpaʻa-resoronint.
• Handrail, ʻO nā Balustrades, a me nā trim trim: ʻO ka helehelena o keʻano hou a me ka mālama haʻahaʻa.
• Nā Mea Hana Hana: I nā wahi kūpono a iʻole kahi e pono ai ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe (ʻO nā kākela Duplex, kekahi mau'āpana austetitic).
• Hoʻoikaika hou (Rebar): ʻO ke kila Steelless CHEELL no nā hoʻonohonoho i nā wahi o nā wahi o ka hoʻoponopono (e.g., ʻO nā alanui ma nā wahi kahakai) No ka paleʻana i ka scalling scalling ma muli o ka hoʻonuiʻana.

Autoomotive a me ka halihali:

• Nā'ōnaehana exhaust: ʻO Catalytic hoʻololi, nā puʻupuʻu, ʻa (ʻO nā helu ferritic e like me 409, 439; kekahi mau austevitics no ka hana kiʻekiʻe).
• Nā pahu hana a me nā laina: No ka paleʻana o ka corrosioni.
• Nā'āpana a me nā'āpana hoʻonaninani.
• Nā mea hoʻohālikelike i nā kaʻa a me nā kaʻaahi.

Aerospace:

• Nā'āpana ikaika kiʻekiʻe: ʻāpana ʻenekini, ʻO nā'āpana'āina, mea paa (PH Stuinless, ʻO kekahi mau helu MartItic).
• ʻO ka lekiō hydraulic a me nā laina feel.

ʻO nā wahi kai moana:

• Moku: Ka holoi, nā ala hao, huakai, nā lāʻau (316L, ʻO nā kālakiʻo Duplex no ke kū'ē kū'ē).
• Nā Hana Kūʻai Kūʻai: Piping, nā mea hana.

Hana Mana:

• Nā'āpana o Turbine: (Martestitic a me nā māka pH).
• ʻO nā mea hana uila, ʻO ka pā'ālua.
• ʻO nā mea kanu ponlear.

ʻOihana Pulp a me Pepa:

Nā mea hana i hōʻikeʻia i nā cheching bleaching bleaching.

6.2 Nā wahi noi o ke kila carbon

ʻAihue kīwī, Ma muli o kāna mau mea hana maikaʻi, ʻO Version ma o ka mālama wela, maikaʻi loa (No nā helu haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa), a me ka uku haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, Ke waiho nei i nā mea hana hana no ka helu o nā noi e pili ana i ka paleʻana o ka corrosion e paleʻoleʻia a iʻole e mālamaʻia.

Kūkulu a me ka infrastructure:

• Nā hiʻohiʻona socialral: I-kuola, H-beems, nā kahawai, nā kihi no nā papa hana, alahaka, a me nā hana'ē aʻe (ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i nā kālala-kiʻekiʻe-carbon).
• Hoʻoikaika i nā pā (Rebar): No nā hana paʻa (ʻOiaiʻo ka mea e hoʻohanaʻia ma nā wahi harsh).
• Piping: No ka wai, kinoea, NA MAIKA HOA LOA (e.g., API 5L).
• Nā pale a me nā pale pākuʻi.
• Ka hale a me ka nānāʻana (Ua koho pinepineʻia): ʻO Galvalized a iʻole nā'āpana kila i paʻiʻia.

ʻOihana Kaʻa:

• Nā kino kino a me nā chassis: Nā pākuʻi i hoʻopaʻaʻia, nā papa (nā helu helu likeʻole o nā lole haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa-alloy (Hsla) ʻO nā kila heʻano o keʻano carbon i kila me ka mominoying).
• Na'Āpana Engine: Lihao, nā lāʻau hoʻohui, nā pahu pahu (Keʻaiʻai waena, nā kākela).
• Nā mea kanu a me nā'āpana: (Medium a i nā kākela kiʻekiʻe-carbon, pinepine pinepineʻia a paʻakikī paha).
• Nā mea paʻa: Nā bolts, nati, wiliwili.

Mekini a me na Lako:

• Nā Kūlana Kūʻai a me nā waihona.
• Kauluhi, Nā papahele, Nā Koho Pūnaewele, Piʻi (pinepine pinepine i nā carbon a iʻole nā ​​mea hoʻokele koho balota).
• Mea hana: Mea hana lima (Nā Nūmona, Nā Wrenches - carbon-carbon), mea ʻoki ʻoki (nā haʻawina, nā chisels - kiʻekiʻe-kāleka).
• Nā lako hana: Nā Polows, nā'ōpū, nā mea hana.

Mahele ikehu:

• Poolali: No ka aila a me ke kaʻa kaʻa (E like me ka mea i'ōleloʻia).
• Nā pahu mālama: No ka aila, kinoea, a me ka wai (pinepine me nā pale o loko a iʻole ka paleʻana i ka cathodic).
• ʻO nā pips drill a me nā hihia.

Rail halihali:

• Nā alaloa kaʻa (Kaʻaahi): ʻOna Manaʻo Kīwī, Keʻaʻaʻahu-resistant.
• Nā huila a me nā'āpana.
• Nā Mō'ī Freight.

Kapili moku (Hana nui):

• ʻOiai e hoʻohanaʻia nā mea paʻaʻole no nā pono, ʻO nā hana nui loa o nā hale kūʻai nui o nā moku nui e hanaʻia mai ka caniel carbon (nā helu likeʻole o ka mea kila moana e like me ka papa a, Ah36, D36) Ma muli o ke kumukūʻai a me ke kalai, Me nā'ōnaehana palekana palekana.

Nā hana hana a me nā make:

• Nā kākela kiʻekiʻe (nā mea hana hāmeʻa, hiki ke lilo i carbon a iʻole) hoʻohanaʻia no nā punches, make, nā poni, aʻokiʻoki i nā mea hana ma muli o ko lākou hiki ke hoʻopaʻaʻia i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe.

ʻO ka ʻaihue carbon ma ke kila kila Hōʻike ka hoʻohālikelike noi noi i keʻano o ka carbon i kahi e hānai ana i kahi o ke kumukūʻai a me ka ikaika e hiki ke hoʻokeleʻia, oiai kila kohu ʻole ʻO nā Excels kahi i kū kū'ē ai, Hingiene, a iʻole he koʻikoʻi nā waiwai kūpono / kiʻekiʻe.

7. ʻO nā kumukūʻai kumukūʻai a me nāʻoihana waiwai: ʻO ka hao hao vs

ʻO keʻano o ka hoʻokele waiwai he kumu nui ma ka ʻaihue carbon ma ke kila kila Ke kaʻina hana hoʻoholo. ʻAʻole kēia e pili ana i nā kumu kūʻai mua loa akā ke kaʻina hou, mālama, a me nā kumukūʻai ola.

7.1 Ka hoʻohālikelikeʻana o nā kumukūʻai waiwai

ʻO ka hao hao:

ʻO ka maʻamau, He haʻahaʻa loa ka carbon ʻO ke kumukūʻai kūʻai mua i kēlā me kēia paona (e.g., no ka paona a iʻole ka kilogram) ua hoʻohālikelikeʻia i nā kila kila. He nui kēia no ka mea:

• Nā mea waiwai nui: ʻO ka hao a me nā kalaka e maʻalahi a loaʻaʻole.
• Sim laloken: ʻAʻole pono ia e koi i nā mea nui e like me ka chromium, nikela, a iʻole molybdenum i nā nui.
• Nā kaʻina hana waiwai: ʻO ka hanaʻana o kaʻaihue carbon he mea maikaʻi loa a me ke kaʻina hana nui.

Kila kohu ʻole:

ʻO nā kila ponoʻole eʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea kūʻai aku ma muli o:

• Kumukūʻai o nā mea'ē aʻe: ʻO nā kumukūʻai kumukūʻai nui nā kumukūʻai nui e hāʻawi ai i kāna mau mea e hāʻawi nei i kāna mau "kūlohelohe":
  • Chromium (Cr): Ka liʻiliʻi loa 10.5%, kiʻekiʻe loa.
  • Nikela (In): He mea nui loa i nā helu austetitic (Uā 304, 316), aʻo Nickel he mea kūʻai nui loa me nā kumukūʻai mākeke Vollatile.
  • Molybdenum (Mo): Hoʻohuiʻia no ka paleʻana i ka paleʻana (e.g., i loko 316), a he kumu kūʻai nō hoʻi ia.
  • Nā mea'ē aʻe e like me ka titnium, niobium, etc., hoʻohui pū i ke kumukūʻai.
• ʻOi aku ka nui o ka hana paʻakikī: ʻO nā kaʻina hana hana no ka kila kila, me ka melting, E hōʻoluʻolu (e.g., Argon oxygen incarburization - Aod), a ke kāohi nei i nā hoʻohui kūpono, hiki ke paʻakikī a me ka ikaika-ikaika ma mua o ke kila carbon.

7.2 ʻO ka hoʻoiliʻana a me nā uku mālama mālama

ʻO ka uku kumu kūʻai wale nō ka'āpana o ka hoʻohālikelike waiwai.

ʻO ka ho'ōlaʻana i nā uku (Huahuai):

• ʻO ka hao hao:
  • Mīkini: ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi a me ka wikiwiki i ka mīkini, e alakaʻi ana i nā kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka manawa hana.
  • wiliwili: He maʻalahi ka maʻalahi o ke kila Carbon i ka weld me nā mea kūʻai haʻahaʻa a me nā kaʻina maʻalahi. E koi hou aku nā mea kūʻai aku i nā lole kiʻekiʻe (a me ke kumukuai) Nā kaʻina hana.
  • Hoʻokumu: Ua maʻalahi maʻalahi nā kila Carbon haʻahaʻa me nā pūʻali haʻahaʻa.
• Kila kohu ʻole:
  • Mīkini: Hiki ke paʻakikī, ʻO ka nui o Austetitic a me nā helu Duplex, Ma muli o ka hana paʻakikī a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. Ke alakaʻi pinepine nei kēia i nā wikiwiki o ka mīkini, E hoʻohana i ka lole hana, a me nā kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe.
  • wiliwili: Pono i nā metala kiʻi kiʻi kūikawā, pinepine pinepine i nā mea akamai, a me ka mālama ponoʻana i ka hoʻokomo wela. Keʻaʻahu (e.g., argon no tig) mea pono.
  • Hoʻokumu: ʻO nā helu Austetitic he nostetitic akā koi i nā mea kiʻekiʻe eʻoi aku ma mua o ka hana paʻakikī. Hiki i nā makana'ē aʻe ke paʻakikī.
    holookoa, ʻO nā kumukūʻai lole no nā mea i loaʻa pinepine nā mea kila kila iʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o nā mea kūʻai aku ma mua o nā'āpana carbon carbon likeʻole.

Uku uku:

Eia kahi hea ʻaihue carbon ma ke kila kila ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike pinepineʻana i nā'ōlelo aʻoaʻo e makemake ai i keʻano o nā mea kila maikaʻiʻole ma luna o ka manawa lōʻihi, nui loa i nā wahi hoʻoponopono.

• ʻO ka hao hao:
  • Koi i ka pale pale pale (Kāleka, garvalirigigling).
  • Loaʻa i kēia mau lole ke ola nui a e pono e koi i ka nānāʻana i ka wā, hoʻoponopono, a hoʻonohonoho hou i ke ola o ka lawelawe o ka lawelawe o ka mea e pale ai i ka corrosion. Pili kēia i ka hana, mea waiwai, a me ka nui o ka downtime.
  • Ināʻaʻole kūpono ka corrosiot, Hiki ke hoʻohālikelikeʻia ka incontural integrity, e alakaʻi ana i nā hoʻoponopono hou a iʻole ke hoʻololiʻana.
• Kila kohu ʻole:
  • Pono ka hana maʻamau i ka mālama liʻiliʻi no ka pale pale o ka corrosio ma muli o kāna papa inoa passive.
  • E mālama i keʻano, ʻO nā mea nui ma nā wahi e pili ana i nā waihona waihona, Pono paha ka hoʻomaʻemaʻeʻana i ka manawa maʻamau.
  • ʻO keʻano o ka "ho'ōla pilikino" o keʻano o ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni e kiʻi pinepine i nā kiʻi liʻiliʻi e hoʻohālikelike pinepine ai.

Hiki i kēia hōʻemi koʻikoʻi ke alakaʻi i ka mālama nuiʻana i nā hōʻai'ē lōʻihi lōʻihi.

7.3 Ke kumu kūʻai ola (Lcc) a me ka recycling

Pono e noʻonoʻo pono i kahi hoʻohālikelike waiwai maoli e noʻonoʻo i ke ola holoʻokoʻa holoʻokoʻa o ka waihona.

Ke kumu kūʻai ola (Lcc):

Hoʻohuiʻia ka loiloi LCC:

1. ʻO ke kumu kūʻai mua
2. Nā kumukūʻai a me nā uku hoʻonohonoho
3. Nā uku hana (Inā e pili ana i kahi mea)
4. Ka mālamaʻana a me nā uku hoʻoponopono ma luna o ke ola lawelawe i manaʻoʻia
5. ʻO kaʻae a iʻole ka hoʻoponopono houʻana i ka waiwai ma ka hopena o ke ola

Ke noʻonoʻoʻiaʻo LCC, Hiki i ke kila kila keʻoi aku ka nui o kaʻoihana ma mua o ke kālepa carbon i nā noi i kahi:

• ʻO keʻano o ke kaiāulu.
• He paʻakikī a paʻakikī paha ke komoʻana.
• ʻO ka Downtime no ka mālamaʻana.
• Pono ke ola lōʻihi.
• ʻO ka waiwai Aesthetic a me ka maʻemaʻe o ka kila koʻikoʻi he mea nui loa.
  ʻO ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe loa o ke kumukūʻaiʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kila i hiki ke hoʻokaʻawaleʻia e nā uku hoʻolimalima haʻahaʻa a me ka lōʻihi, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke ola lawelawe.

Hōʻano hou:

ʻO nā ceel a me nā kila kila maikaʻi loa, ʻO ia kahi mea nui a me ka waiwai waiwai.

• ʻO ka hao hao: Hou hou. ʻO ka scrap scrap kahi mea nui loa i ka hana kila hou.
• Kila kohu ʻole: Hoihoi hou. Nā mea'ē aʻe (chromium, nikela, molybdenum) Ma keʻano he mea kūʻai akuʻo Scrap Scrap he waiwai a hiki ke hoʻihoʻiʻia a hoʻohana houʻia i ka hanaʻana o nā mea kila hou a iʻole nā ​​alloys. Kōkua kēia e mālama i nā kumuwaiwai wahine a hoʻemi i ka hana o ka ikehu i hoʻohālikelikeʻia i ka hana mua. ʻO ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe o ka intrinsic o ka scrap cherap cherapʻo ia ke kauoha pinepine i kahi kumukūʻai maikaʻi aʻe ma mua o ka carbon cheel scrap.

Ua hāʻawi maikaʻiʻia ka Recyclability i ka LCC o nā meaʻelua ma ka hāʻawiʻana i kahi waiwai noho ma ka hope o kā lākou ola lawelawe.

8. ʻO ke alakaʻi koho koho: ʻO ka hao hao vs

Ke kohoʻana ma waena ʻaihue carbon ma ke kila kila koi i kahi'ōnaehana'ōnaehana, Ke noʻonoʻo nei i nā koi kiko'ī o ka noi a me nā waiwai o kēlā me kēia waihona.

Hāʻawi kēia'āpana i kahi alakaʻi e kōkua i ka hoʻokeleʻana i kēia kaʻina koho.

8.1 Hana kūpono

ʻO ka hana mua e wehewehe pono i nā koi o ka hana o ka mea i loaʻa a iʻole keʻano:

Nā mea hana mechanical a me nā kaumaha:

He aha nā mea i manaʻoʻia, Kāha, pā, kulou ana, a iʻole nā ​​ukana Tisional?

ʻO ia ka waihona kālā a iʻole dinamic (Kaluhi)?

Nā hopena hopena i manaʻoʻia?

Alakaʻi alakaʻi:

E koho paha nā mīkiniʻenehana i nā kila kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe-carbon i hanaʻia a kiʻekiʻe paha i nā kinikini kiʻekiʻe e like me ka martiketic, PH, a iʻole nā ​​mea nui duplex inā makemake lākou i ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe.

No nā kumu hoʻohālikelike ākea me nā ukana haʻahaʻa, ʻO nā kila crael a iʻole nā ​​kila kila kila maʻamau 304/316 (no ka mea, inā hana-hana) a iʻole 6061-t6 hiki ke lawa.

Inā paʻakikī ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe a me ka hopena hopena, nui ma nā wela haʻahaʻa, ʻO nā mea hoʻokūkū Austetetic.

He paʻakikī nā mea kūʻai haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.

ʻO ka hanaʻana i keʻano:

E hana ka mea hoʻonohonoho i ka ambient, Hoʻolima, a iʻole nā ​​mahana o Cryogen?

Alakaʻi alakaʻi:

ʻO nā mea hoʻokūkū Austetitic.

ʻO kekahi mau helu kila kila (e.g., 304H, 310, 321) Hāʻawi i ke kū'ē maikaʻi a me ka ikaika i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe.

Hiki i nā meaʻaihue ke lilo i ka paʻakikī ma nā wela haʻahaʻa (Dbtt) a me ka ikaika ma nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe (hoka).

Hoʻohanaʻia nā mea kūʻai aku i nā mea kūʻai aku i hoʻohanaʻia no ka lawelawe kiʻekiʻe (e.g., ʻO BILER TUBS).

E kāʻei a me ka hōʻinoʻana:

E kauʻia ka māhele e hoʻowalewale, kālai, a iʻole nā'āpana abserive?

Alakaʻi alakaʻi:

No ka paleʻana i ke kū'ē, ʻO nā mea koho e koho i ka wela wela-carbon i hanaʻia a paʻakikī paha martensitic martensitic geelless geel e like me 440c.

Hiki i nā mea hoʻokūkū Austevitic i hiki ke maʻalahi; E noʻonoʻo pono i nā hana a iʻole nā ​​hōʻailona a iʻole nā ​​mea nui paha ke kauʻana.

ʻO ka hanohano a me nā koi a me nā mea e pono ai:

E pili ana ka hoʻolālā i nāʻano paʻakikī e koi ana i ka hana nui?

E hoʻopauʻia ka māhele?

Alakaʻi alakaʻi:

No ka formabilis kiʻekiʻe, ʻO ke kila a iʻole kaʻaihue a iʻole nā ​​mea kila austentitic Austetetitic (like me 304-o) maikaʻi loa.

Inā he hapa nui kahi hapa nui o ka lole, ʻO nā kilokilo haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me nā mea hoʻokūkū maikaʻi loa a me nā meaʻala a Austevitic.

E noʻonoʻo i ka ulia o nā helu kiko'ī.

8.2 Nā Manaʻo Kaiapuni a me ka Maluhia

ʻO ka nohona lawelawe a me nā hiʻohiʻona koʻikoʻi-palekana:

Kahua Aupuni:

He aha keʻano o ke kaiapuni (e.g., huō, Weʻai, waiapula, ka'ikemika)?

Alakaʻi alakaʻi:

ʻO kēia kahi e lilo pinepine ai ka steel feelless e lilo i koho koho.

ʻAno AtmospHheric: ʻO kaʻaihue carbon me ka coating maikaʻi e lawa paha. 304 Ss no kaʻoi aku ka maikaʻi.

Marine / klayide: 316 SS, duplex ss, a iʻole nā ​​alloys kiʻekiʻe. Pono ka carbon carbon e koi i ka pale a me ka pale mau.

Kemika: Nā helu kila kūikawā kiko'ī (a iʻole nā ​​alloys kūikawā) tailored i ka kemika.

ʻO nā pono hygiene:

ʻO ia ka noiʻana i ka hanaʻai, lāʻau lapaʻau, a iʻole nā ​​mea hoʻolālā lāʻau lapaʻau kahi i hoʻomaʻemaʻeʻia a me nā meaʻole e pono ai?

Alakaʻi alakaʻi:

Makemake nui loa i nā kila kila austentitic e like me 304l a me 316l-no kānaʻano, ʻO nā meaʻonaʻole, ʻO ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe maʻalahi, a me ke kū'ēʻana i ka corrosion e pale i ka maʻi.

Nā koi aesthetic:

ʻO ia ka hiʻohiʻonaʻike o ka mea nui?

Alakaʻi alakaʻi:

Hāʻawiʻo Stiinless Steel i kahi ākea ākea ākea a me ka hoʻopauʻana.

Koi akuʻo Carbon i ka pena kiʻi a iʻole e pale aku ai i nā aesthetics.

Na Mea Magnetic:

Pono ke noi e koi i kahi meaʻole-magnetic, a iʻole he magnetism iʻaeʻia / makemakeʻia?

Alakaʻi alakaʻi:

ʻO ke kālena Carbon e mau ana.

ʻO kahi kila kila Austetetitic (Anned) ʻaʻole ka magnetic.

Feritic, Martesestic, a me nā kila maikaʻiʻole nā ​​mea kanu fulex.

Hoʻohālikelikeʻipiʻihana palekana:

He aha nā hopena o ka hanaʻole (e.g., ka poho waiwai, Hōʻino nā pōʻino, mea poino, nalowale o ke ola)?

Alakaʻi alakaʻi:

No nā noi palekana palekana, Lawe pinepine nāʻenehana i kahi ala e pono ai, ke koho pinepine nei i nā mea waiwai nui e hāʻawi i ke koʻikoʻi kiʻekiʻe a me ka wānana i kaʻoihana lawelawe.

Hiki paha i kēia ke alakaʻi i nā kumukūʻai steel steel steelless inā he corrosion he hopenaʻole no ka carbon no ka carbon steel.

8.3 Ka hoʻoholo hoʻoholoʻana i ka matrix: ʻO ka hao hao vs

Hiki i kahi hoʻoholo hoʻoholo ke kōkua i ka hoʻohālikelikeʻana i nā koho hoʻohālikelike.

ʻO nā helu helu ma lalo nei (1 = Ilihune, 5 = Maikaʻi); nā helu kiko'ī i loko o kēlā me kēiaʻohana e hoʻoponopono hou iā lākou.

Hoʻoholo maʻalahi i ka matrix - carbon cheel ceel bet stielless steel (Ka hopena waena)

E hana ana i ka koho kūpono i ka ʻaihue carbon ma ke kila kila Ponoʻo Dilemma i kahi hui o kaʻikeʻepekema, koi noi, a me nā waiwai waiwai.

9. FAQ: ʻO ka hao hao vs

Q1: He aha kaʻokoʻa nui ma waena o ka carbon solel a me nā kila kila?

A: ʻO kaʻokoʻa ka mea nui he chromium i kahi mea kila maikaʻiʻole 10.5%, Ke hana nei i kahi'āpana oxie e pale aku i ka corrosione, ʻOiaiʻo ka carbon cheael i nele i kēia a me nā hanaʻole me ka paleʻole.

Q2: ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā mea kila maikaʻi ma mua o ka kila carbon?

A: ʻAʻoleʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā kila stielless.

Hāʻawi ia i ke kū'ēʻana i ke kū'ēʻana a me nā aesthetics.

ʻOiai eʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka carbon carbon, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī, maʻalahi i ka mīkini a iʻole ka weld, aʻo ka maʻamau maʻamau.

ʻO ka mea maikaʻi loaʻo ia ka mea e kūpono i ka hana kūikawā, ka lōʻihi, a me nā uku uku.

Q3: No ke aha he meaʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka mea kūʻai aku ma mua o ke kila carbon?

A: ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā mea kila maikaʻi loa ma muli o ke kumukūʻai kumukūʻai e like me ka chromium, nikela, a me ka molybdenum, Aʻo kāna kaʻina hana paʻakikī hou aʻe.

Q4: Hiki iā wau ke lanakila i ka kila sanielless i ke kila carbon?

A: ʻO ka uʻiʻana i ke kila i ke kila carbon e hoʻohana ai i keʻano o ka mea haoʻole e pono ai.

ʻO nā pilikia e pili ana i ka hoʻokaʻawaleʻana i ka hoʻonuiʻana, Lāʻamaʻa wai kikowaena, a me keʻano o Galvalical Corrosion.

Me ka hoʻohanaʻana i nā metals filler like 309 a i ʻole 312 Kōkuaʻo Guineless Steel i nā mea i koho i nā mea maʻamau. ʻO ka hoʻolālā kūpono kūpono a me kaʻenehana he mea pono loa.

10. Ka hopena

Ka hoʻohālikelike o ʻaihue carbon ma ke kila kila hōʻike iʻelua mau mea nui loa o nāʻohana he nui o nā alloys o frious, kēlā me kēia me kahi kiko'ī kūʻokoʻa o nā waiwai, pono, a me nā palena.

ʻAihue kīwī, ho'ākākaʻia e konaʻike, Hāʻawi i kahi pākuhi ākea ākea o nā waiwai mechanical, maikaʻi formability (ʻO nā helu haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa), a me ka weli maikaʻi loa, I nā kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.

He aihue achilles ', akā naʻe, ʻo ia ka mea hiki i keʻano o ka corrosiot, e pono ai i nā hana pale pale i ka hapa nui.

Kila kohu ʻole, hōʻikeʻia e kāna mea haʻahaʻa 10.5% ʻO kaʻikepili chromium, ka hoʻokaʻawaleʻana iā ia ma mua o kona hikiʻole ke pale i ka corrosion ma muli o keʻano o kahi passive, ʻO ka ho'ōlaʻana iāʻoe iho.

Ma waho o kēia, nāʻohana likeʻole o nā mea kila kūponoʻole, ferritic, Martesestic, Duplex, a me ph-e hāʻawi i kahi ākea ākea o nā mea mechanical, mai ka paʻakikī maikaʻi loa a me ka neʻeʻana i ka paʻakikī paʻakikī a me ka ikaika, me kahi mea e noi ana i ka aesthetic.

ʻO kēia mau waiwai hoʻonui, akā naʻe, hele mai i kahi kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe aʻoi aku ka nui o nā kumukūʻai i hana houʻia.

ʻO ka hoʻoholo ma waena ʻaihue carbon ma ke kila kila ʻaʻole ia he mea nui o keʻano o keʻano o ke kula nui i kekahi.

', Aia ka koho i kahi loiloi piha o nā koi o nā noi kiko'ī.