Unuhi
Hoʻoponopono i ka unuhi
na 
Ka wehewehe a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā mea hou: New materials refer to those materials that have just appeared or are already developing and have excellent properties and special functions that traditional materials do not have. ʻAʻohe palena maopopo ma waena o nā mea hou a me nā mea kahiko. Hoʻokumuʻia nā mea hou ma ke kumu o nā mea kahiko.
Pehea ka wehewehe ʻana a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā mea hou? E nānā mua kākou i ka wehewehe o nā mea hou:
ʻO nā mea hou e pili ana i kēlā mau mea i puka mai a i ʻole e ulu ana a loaʻa nā waiwai maikaʻi loa a me nā hana kūikawā i loaʻa ʻole i nā mea kuʻuna..
ʻAʻohe palena maopopo ma waena o nā mea hou a me nā mea kahiko. Hoʻokumuʻia nā mea hou ma ke kumu o nā mea kahiko.
Hiki ke hoʻomohala ʻia nā mea kuʻuna i mea hou ma o ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka haku mele, hale kūkulu, hoʻolālā a me ke kaʻina hana e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana waiwai a i ʻole he waiwai hou.
Ka wehewehe a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā mea hou
E like me ke kumu a me ka mua o ka ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe, ʻO nā mea hou i loaʻa i kahi ākea loa o nā noi.
Me ka ʻenehana ʻike a me ka biotechnology, ua lilo lākou i mau kahua koʻikoʻi a maikaʻi loa i ka 21st century.
E like me nā mea kahiko, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea hou mai nā hiʻohiʻona like ʻole e like me ke ʻano hoʻonohonoho, hana a me ke kahua noi.
Hoʻopili ʻia nā ʻano papa like ʻole a hoʻopaʻa ʻia. I kēia manawa, Ua māhele ʻia nā mea hou i loko o nā kahua nui e like me nā kahua noi a me nā wahi hotspots noiʻi o kēia manawa:
Mea ʻike uila, mea ikehu hou, nanomaterials, nā mea hoʻohui kiʻekiʻe, nā mea seramika kiʻekiʻe, mea kaiaola, mea hana hou (me nā mea hana superconducting kiʻekiʻe, mea hoʻopalekana, kiʻi daimana, nā mea polymer hana, etc.), mea olaola, nā mea hana kiʻekiʻe, mea akamai, hale hou a me nā mea hou kemika, etc.
ʻO nā mea ʻike uila e pili ana i nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia ma nā kahua o microelectronics, ʻenehana optoelectronic a me nā huahana kumu hou, ʻO ka hapa nui me nā mea microelectronic semiconductor i hōʻike ʻia e ka silika aniani hoʻokahi;
Optoelectronic materials represented by laser crystals; nā mea uila uila i hōʻike ʻia e nā seramika dielectric a me nā seramika thermosensitive;
Magnetic materials represented by neodymium iron boron (NdFeB) mea magnet mau; mea kamaʻilio fiber optical; nā mea mālama ʻikepili e pili ana i ka mālama magnetic a me ka mālama disk optical;
Piezoelectric crystals and thin film materials;
Green battery materials represented by hydrogen storage materials and lithium ion embedding materials, etc.
Ke kākoʻo nei kēia mau mea kumu a me kā lākou huahana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻoihana ʻike hou e like me ke kamaʻilio, kamepiula, nā mea hana ʻike a me nā ʻenehana pūnaewele.
ʻO ke ʻano hoʻomohala holoʻokoʻa o nā mea ʻike uila e pili ana i ka nui nui, kūlike kiʻekiʻe, kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe, me ke kiʻi lahilahi, multifunctionality a me ka hoʻohui.
Loaʻa nā wahi wela o ka noiʻi ʻana a me nā palena ʻenehana i ke kolu o ka hanauna semiconductor mea i hōʻike ʻia e nā mea semiconductor ākea ākea e like me nā transistors maʻalahi., nā kristal kiʻi, nā kristal kiʻi, SiC, ʻO GaN, ZnSe, mea hōʻike kino, a me nā mea nanoelectronic like ʻole.
ʻO ka ikehu hou a me ka ʻenehana hoʻomaʻemaʻe maʻemaʻe hou ʻo ia kekahi o nā ʻoihana ʻenehana koʻikoʻi ʻelima i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hoʻokele honua i ke kenekulia 21..
Loaʻa ka ikehu hou e like me ka ikehu lā, ikehu biomass, ikehu nuklea, ikehu makani, ikehu geothermal, ikehu moana, a me ka ikehu hydrogen i nā kumu mana lua.
ʻO nā mea ikehu hou e pili ana i nā mea nui i hoʻohana ʻia e ʻike i ka hoʻololi ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu hou a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻenehana ikehu hou..
Hoʻokomo nui lākou i nā mea pākaukau nickel-hydrogen i hōʻike ʻia e ka hydrogen storage electrode alloy material, ʻO nā mea pākaukau lithium-ion i hōʻike ʻia e nā electrodes kino lithium-carbon a me nā electrodes maikaʻi LiCoO2, nā mea hoʻoheheʻe wahie, ʻO nā mea ʻenekini lā i hōʻike ʻia e nā mea semiconductor Si, a me nā mea ikehu nukelea reactor i hōʻike ʻia e ka uranium, deuterium, a me ka tritium.
ʻO nā wahi wela o ka noiʻi ʻana a me nā palena ʻenehana i loaʻa nā mea mālama hydrogen ikaika nui, nā mea pila polimer, ʻO nā mea electrolyte paʻa paʻa paʻa wela waena, a me ka polycrystalline thin-film solar cell materials.
ʻO nā nanomaterials kahi huaʻōlelo maʻamau no ka ʻole-dimensional, hoʻokahi ʻāpana, ʻelua ʻāpana, a me nā mea ʻekolu-dimensional me nā hopena liʻiliʻi i haku ʻia me nā ʻāpana ultrafine me ka nui ma lalo o 100nm. (0.1-100nm).
Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka manaʻo o nā nanomaterials i ka waena o 1980s.
No ka mea, ke hōʻike nei nā nanomaterials i ka optical optical, uila, mākia, wela, mechanical, a me nā waiwai mechanical, Ua komo koke ka nanotechnology i nā ʻano mea like ʻole a ua lilo i kumuhana wela i ka noiʻi ʻepekema honua o kēia manawa..
Ma muli o ke ʻano kino, Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā nanomaterials i ʻelima mau ʻāpana: nanopowders, nanofibers, nanofilms, nanoblocks, a me nā wai hoʻokaʻawale nanophase.
ʻOiai ʻo nā nanomaterials i hana ʻia ʻo ia ka nui o nā mea nanopowder e like me ka calcium carbonate, kalapona ʻeleʻele keʻokeʻo, a me ka zinc oxide, a ʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe aia nō i ka pae noiʻi mua o ka hale hana, a ua manaʻo ʻia ka noi nui 5-10 makahiki ma hope, ʻAʻohe mea kānalua i ka nanotechnology i hōʻike ʻia e nā nanomaterials e loaʻa i kahi hopena koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻomohala waiwai a me ka nohona o ke kenekulia 21..
Loaʻa nā wahi wela noiʻi a me nā palena ʻenehana: nā mea hui nano i hōʻike ʻia e nā nanotubes kalapona; nā mea nanostructured hana kiʻekiʻe e like me nā nano-ceramics a me nā nano-composites; hoʻolālā a me ka synthesis o nā mea nano-coating;
Development of nano-electronic devices such as single-electron transistors, nā nano-lasers a me nā nano-switch, a me C60 mau mea mālama ʻike kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe.
ʻO nā mea i hoʻohui ʻia he mau mea me nā ʻāpana ʻelua a ʻoi aʻe paha i haku ʻia me ʻelua a ʻoi aku paha nā mea me nā waiwai like ʻole ma o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ke kino a me ke kemika..
ʻAʻole ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kēia ʻano mea ma mua o nā mea hoʻokahi i ka haku mele, akā, loaʻa nō hoʻi nā waiwai kūʻokoʻa i loaʻa ʻole i nā ʻāpana wale nō.
Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea hoʻohui i ʻelua mau ʻāpana e like me kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana: nā mea hana hoʻohuihui a me nā mea hana hana.
Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā mea hana hoʻohuihui e like me nā mea no nā hale lawe ukana.
Hoʻokumu ʻia lākou me nā ʻāpana hoʻoikaika e hiki ke amo i nā ukana (e like me ke aniani, seramika, kalapona, polymers, metala, nā pulu maoli, lole lole, ʻumiʻumi, nā lau a me nā ʻāpana, etc.) a me nā ʻāpana matrix hiki ke hoʻohui i nā mea hoʻoikaika e hana i kahi mea holoʻokoʻa a hoʻouna i ka ikaika (e like me ka resin, metala, seramika, aniani, kalapona a me ka sima, etc.).
Hoʻokaʻawale pinepine ʻia nā mea hana i nā composites-based polymer, nā mea hoʻohui metala, composites ma muli o ka seramika, composites pili kalapona a me nā composites kumu sima e like me nā matrices like ʻole.
ʻO nā mea hana e pili ana i nā mea hana i hoʻolako ʻia i nā mea kino ʻē aʻe, kemika, nā waiwai olaola a me nā mea ʻē aʻe ma waho aʻe o nā waiwai mechanical.
Nui nā ʻano mea hoʻohuihui, me ka piezoelectric, conductive, huna huna radar, magnet mau, photochromic, hoʻopaʻa leo, pale ahi, bio-self-absorption, etc., nona nā manaʻolana hoʻomohala ākea.
I ka wā e hiki mai ana, e ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea hana composite ma mua o nā mea i kūkulu ʻia a lilo i kumu nui o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea hana..
ʻO ka kuhikuhi noiʻi o nā mea i hui ʻia i ka wā e hiki mai ana e kālele nui ʻia i nā nanocomposites, nā mea hoʻohui bionic, a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka multifunctional, akamai a me ka naauao i mea hoohuihui.
Ua manaʻo ʻia nā kumuwaiwai Eco-environmental i loko o ka pōʻaiapili o ka ʻike kanaka i ke koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi o ka mālama ʻana i ke kaiaola a me ke kaiapuni a me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo e hele nei nā ʻāina a puni ka honua i ke ala o ka hoʻomohala mau..
He ʻano hiki ʻole lākou i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻepekema waiwai a me ka noiʻi ʻenekinia ma ka home a ma waho.
Manaʻo maʻamau ʻo nā mea eco-environmental nā mea i loaʻa ka hana maikaʻi a ua hāʻawi ʻia me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i ke kaiapuni maikaʻi loa..
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o kēia ʻano mea ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka waiwai a me ka ikehu, liʻiliʻi ka haumia i ke kaiaola a me ke kaiapuni, he kiʻekiʻe ka hana hou ʻana, a kulike me ke kaiaola i loko o ke ola holoʻokoʻa mai ka hana waiwai, hoʻohana, hoʻokuʻu i ka hana hou a me ka hana hou.
Hoʻokomo nui: mea pili i ke kaiapuni, e like me nā mea kūlohelohe maʻemaʻe (lāʻau, pōhaku, etc.), mea biomimetic (iwi hana, nā ʻano mea hana, etc.), mea ʻōmaʻomaʻo paʻi (ʻeke ʻeke ʻōmaʻomaʻo, pahu pahu), mea kūkulu kaiaola (mea hoʻonanea ʻole, etc.); nā mea hiki ke hoʻoneʻe ʻia i ke kaiapuni (nā plastic biodegradable, etc.); mea ʻenehana kaiapuni, e like me nā mea hoʻihoʻi kaiapuni, mea hoomaemae kaiapuni (nā kānana molekula, nā mea kānana ion), nā mea ʻokoʻa kaiapuni (phosphorus-free holoi holoi mea hoʻohui), etc.
ʻO nā wahi kikoʻī noiʻi a me nā kuhikuhi hoʻomohala o nā mea eco-environmental ka hoʻolālā ʻana o nā polymers recycled. (ilikai), ka ʻōnaehana theoretical o ka loiloi hoʻohui kaiapuni, a me nā hana hou, nā ʻenehana hou a me nā ala hou e hōʻemi ai i ka ukana kaiapuni o nā mea.
ʻO nā mea biomedical kahi ʻano hou o nā mea ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe i hoʻohana ʻia e ʻike, mālama a hoʻololi paha i nā ʻiʻo a me nā kino kanaka a i ʻole e hoʻonui i kā lākou hana.
He kahua hou lākou a e ulu nei i ka ʻepekema waiwai a me ka ʻenehana.
ʻAʻole wale lākou i loaʻa ka ʻike loea kiʻekiʻe a me ka waiwai waiwai, akā pili pū kekahi i ke ola a me ke olakino o nā maʻi. I ka wā kahiko 10 makahiki, ua mālama ka mākeke no nā mea biomedical a me nā huahana i kahi ulu ulu o kahi 20%.
Mea Lapaau Lapaau
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea biomedical i nā mea metala olakino, lāʻau polimer lāʻau, nā mea bioceramic a me nā mea hoʻohui biomedical e like me ka haku mele a me nā waiwai.
Metala, seramika, ʻO nā polymers a me kā lākou mau mea i hoʻohui ʻia nā mea biomedical i hoʻohana nui ʻia.
E like me ka palapala noi, Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea biomedical i nā mea degradable a me nā mea hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia, nā mea ʻenekinia ʻiʻo a me nā ʻāpana hana, mea hoʻokuʻu ʻia, mea akamai bionic, etc.
ʻO ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā mea biomedical ka mea nui:
I ka waena o 1980s, ua hoʻoholo nā kānaka i ka manaʻo o nā mea akamai (Nā Mea Naauao a i ʻole Pūnaehana Mea Naʻauao): Hoʻohālike nā mea akamai i nā ʻōnaehana ola, hiki ke ʻike i nā loli kaiapuni a hoʻololi i hoʻokahi a ʻoi aku paha o kā lākou mau ʻāpana hana ponoʻī i ka manawa maoli, a hana i nā mea hoʻohui i makemake ʻia a i ʻole nā mea hana i hiki ke hoʻololi i ke kaiapuni i hoʻololi ʻia.
ʻO nā mea akamai he ʻōnaehana waiwai paʻakikī e hoʻohui i nā mea a me nā hale, hana akamai, ʻōnaehana hoʻokō, ʻōnaehana mana a me nā ʻōnaehana sensor.
ʻO kona hoʻolālā a me ka synthesis e pili ana i nā aʻo ʻenehana kiʻekiʻe.
ʻO nā ʻāpana kumu kumu i hoʻokumu ʻia i nā mea akamai me nā mea piezoelectric, ʻano mea hoʻomanaʻo, nā lau ʻōpika, electro-(magneto-)wai rheological, nā mea magnetostrictive a me nā mea polymer akamai.
ʻO ka puka ʻana mai o nā mea akamai e lawe mai i ka moʻomeheu kanaka i kahi kiʻekiʻe hou, aka, aia no kahi mamao loa mai ke kahua hana.
ʻO nā mea e pili ana i ka noiʻi e hiki mai ana e pili ana i nā ʻano ʻeono:
ʻO nā mea hoʻolālā e pili ana i nā mea ʻenekinia me nā waiwai mechanical ka mea nui.
ʻO ia nā mea i hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka ʻoihana aupuni.
Mai nā mea e pono ai i kēlā me kēia lā, hale i na kaa, mokulele, nā ukali a me nā pōkā, loaʻa iā lākou a pau ko lākou ʻano, ka nui a me ka ikaika ma o kekahi ʻano o ke kaʻa hana.
ʻO nā mea kuʻuna e like me ke kila a me nā metala nonferrous no kēia māhele.
ʻO nā mea hana kiʻekiʻe e pili ana i nā mea hana me nā waiwai mechanical kiʻekiʻe e like me ka ikaika, paakiki, ka palaka a me ka paakiki, a hoʻololi i nā koi kaiapuni kūikawā.
Loaʻa iā lākou nā mea metala hou, kiʻekiʻe-hana structural ceramic mea a me ka polymer.
Loaʻa nā wahi wela noiʻi o kēia manawa: kiʻekiʻe-mehana alloys, hou alumini alumini a me nā huila magnesium, kiʻekiʻe-mehana structural ceramic mea a me polymer alloys.
ʻO nā mea hana e pili ana i nā mea e hōʻike ana i nā waiwai kūikawā e like me ka uila, magnetism, māmā, ʻo ka biology a me ke kemika ma waho aʻe o nā waiwai mechanical.
Ma waho aʻe o ka ʻike, ikehu, nano, biomedical a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i hoʻolauna mua ʻia, ʻO nā mea hana hou ka nui o nā mea superconducting kiʻekiʻe, mea hoʻopalekana, kiʻi daimana, nā mea polymer hana, etc.
Loaʻa nā wahi wela noiʻi o kēia manawa: mea hana nano, nanocrystalline nā mea hoʻoheheʻe mau loa a me nā mea hoʻopaʻa wai hydrogen honua, nā mea amorphous nui, nā mea hoʻoheheʻe superconducting kiʻekiʻe, mea hoʻomanaʻo hoʻomanaʻo ʻano magnetic, nā mea polimer magnetic, ʻenehana hoʻomākaukau kiʻi daimana, etc.
ʻO nā mea kemika hou nā mea kumu kumu i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke kahua o ka ʻoihana kemika, ʻaila ʻaila, etc., ʻo ka hapa nui me nā mea fluorine organik, nā mea kino silika, nā fiber hana kiʻekiʻe, nano-kemika, nā mea hana kino ʻole, etc.
ʻO nā mea nano-kemika a me nā uhi kemika kūikawā he mau wahi wela no ka noiʻi ʻana i nā makahiki i hala iho nei.
ʻO nā mea seramika kiʻekiʻe e pili ana i nā huahana me ka hana maikaʻi loa i hana ʻia mai ka maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe, ultra-fine inorganic pūhui e like me nā mea maka a me ka ʻenehana kaʻina hana hoʻomākaukau.
E like me nā koi o ka ʻenehana ʻenehana no ka hana huahana, hiki i nā huahana i hana ʻia ke piezoelectric, ferroelectric, conductive, semiconductor, mākia, etc. a i ʻole nā waiwai maikaʻi loa e like me ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe, ʻoʻoleʻa kiʻekiʻe, paakiki kiekie, ʻaʻahu kūʻē, pale ʻino, pale wela kiʻekiʻe, kiʻekiʻe thermal conductivity, insulation a i ʻole biocompatibility maikaʻi.
ʻO nā mea keramika kiʻekiʻe
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea ceramic kiʻekiʻe i ʻekolu mau ʻāpana: nā mea hana seramika, nā mea hoʻohui i hoʻokumu ʻia me ka keramika a me nā seramika hana.
Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka hapa nui o nā seramika hana i ka ʻoihana uila a ʻike pinepine ʻia hoʻi he mau mea seramika uila.
E like me nā mea insulating seramika, nā mea pāpaʻi seramika, nā mea hoʻopili seramika i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana ʻana i nā ʻāpana, a me ka capacitor keramika, nā seramika piezoelectric, ferrite magnetic mea hoʻohana no ka hana ʻana i nā mea uila.
Loaʻa i nā wahi wela o ka noiʻi ʻana i kēia manawa ka ʻenehana hoʻoikaika a paʻakikī o nā mea seramika, ka hoʻomākaukau a me ka ʻenehana synthesis o nā mea nano-ceramic, ka hoʻolālā ʻana o nā ʻōnaehana kumu seramika holomua, a me ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe a me ka ʻenehana ultra-fine o nā mea seramika uila.
ʻO nā mea kūkulu hale hou ka nui o nā mea pā hou, mea kūkulu kemika, mea hookui wela hou, mea hoonani hale, etc.
Iwaena o lakou, ʻO nā mea hana kemika i loko o ke kūkulu hale, hale hale, hale wai wai, mea hoʻopaʻa, mea hoʻokuʻu wela, mea hoʻokuʻu kani, nā seramika kūikawā, nā mea hoʻopili hale, etc., ʻO ia nā mea kūkulu hale hou a koʻu ʻāina e nānā ai i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka wā o ka "15th Five-Year Plan".
Wehewehe mea hou: ʻO nā mea hou e pili ana i kēlā mau mea i puka mai a i ʻole e ulu ana a loaʻa nā waiwai maikaʻi loa a me nā hana kūikawā i loaʻa ʻole i nā mea kuʻuna..
ʻAʻohe palena maopopo ma waena o nā mea hou a me nā mea kahiko.
Hoʻokumuʻia nā mea hou ma ke kumu o nā mea kahiko.
Hiki ke hoʻomohala ʻia nā mea kuʻuna i mea hou ma o ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka haku mele, hale kūkulu, hoʻolālā a me ke kaʻina hana e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana waiwai a i ʻole he waiwai hou.
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea hou i ʻehā mau ʻāpana e like me ka hoʻokumu ʻana, me nā mea metala, nā mea hao ʻole, nā mea polymer organik, a me nā mea i hoʻohuihui ʻia.
E like me ka hana waiwai, aia nā mea hana a me nā mea hana.
E like me ka hoʻohana a me nā waiwai o nā mea hou, ka "China New Materials Products and Technology Guidance Catalogue" e hoʻokaʻawale i nā huahana waiwai hou i ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻumi mau ʻenehana kikoʻī., me nā mea metala hou, mea hale hou, mea kemika hou, mea ʻike uila, mea olaola, mea ikehu hou, nano a me na mea pauda, nā mea hoʻohuihui hou, mea hou o ka honua hou, mea kiʻekiʻe-hana keramika, mea kalapona hou, ʻenehana hoʻomākaukau mea hou a me nā mea hana.
1 Mea ʻike uila
2 Nā mea hou e mālama i ka ikehu
3 Nā mea nano
4 ʻO nā mea hoʻohui kiʻekiʻe
puluni aniani, aramid, kalapona kalapona, graphite, pulu boron, pulu kila, ʻumiʻumi, nā mea ʻaʻahu ʻāhue, ʻo ka resin-based, metala-mea, nā mea i hoʻohui ʻia me ka keramika, kalapona/carbon composite mea, nā lau karbida , nā mea ʻāwili, mea hoohuihui
5 Nā mea metala kiʻekiʻe
6 Mea kemika hou
ʻO ke kilika maʻemaʻe, ʻano fluorine, ʻenehana ʻenehana a me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe plastik, pulupulu kūikawā, puluniu kūikawā, ka uhi kūikawā, mea hoohuoi, huahana kemika maikaʻi
7 ʻO nā mea keramika kiʻekiʻe
ʻO nā seramika hana (microwave, ʻāpana uila dielectric ceramic , piezoelectric, makaʻala, akaka) nā mea hana seramika (waihona meli, pale ʻaʻahu, wela kiʻekiʻe, ʻoʻoleʻa kiʻekiʻe, ka uhi ʻana, mea hoʻohui i ka keramika)
8 ʻO nā mea ʻāina laha ʻole
ʻO ka honua laʻe ka maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe, mea hoʻohui, nā mea hoʻoikaika, magnet mau, luminescence, waihona hydrogen
9 ʻO nā mea magnetic
Nā mea magnetic palupalu, magnet mau, mea hoʻopaʻa leo magnetic, nā mea hoʻopalekana
10 Mea kalapona
Kalapona ho'ā, kalapona ʻeleʻele, daimana, graphite, kalapona kalapona
11 Membrane mea
Kānana membrane (nā mea kanu kino, nā membrane anorganic), nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni hana (optical, hoʻokaʻawale)
12 ʻO nā mea hana superconducting
Hoʻomākaukau a hoʻohana i nā ʻenehana o nā uea superconducting kūpono, poloka, a me nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni.
13 Mea olaola
Nā mea kanu, nā mea hana kino, kānana koko, humuhumu
14 Kaiaola a me ke kaiapuni
Nā mea ʻenehana kaiapuni, ʻōpena ʻōmaʻomaʻo, nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, nā mea ʻokoʻa kaiapuni
15 Nā mea kūkulu hale hou
Nā mea hoʻoheheʻe wela, kiʻekiʻe-ikaika sima, mea kūkulu hale kaiaola ʻōmaʻomaʻo
Whatsapp: +8615333853330
leka uila: sales@casting-china.org
Pūnaewele: https://dz-machining.com/ & https://casting-china.org/
Kuleana kope © 2024 KEIA Technology Co., Ltd Ua mālama ʻia nā kuleana āpau.
Waiho i ka pane