Malo osungunuka

1684 Mawonedwe 2025-03-12 17:00:13

Kumvetsetsa mawu osungunuka

Tanthauzo la chitsulo

Chitsulo ndi chipongwe chopangidwa makamaka ndi carbon, ndi zomwe zakhala zimachokera 0.02% ku 2.1% pa kulemera. Kupanga uku kumatha kusinthidwa ndi enomi yosiyanasiyana

Zokhudza Carbon mu chitsulo

• Chitsulo Chochepa cha Carbon (mpaka 0.3% kaboni): Wodziwika chifukwa cha duckidisity ndi vuto, Kupangitsa kukhala koyenera kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito zomwe zimafunikira kusinthasintha.
• Sing'anga Carbon Steel (0.3% ku 0.6% kaboni): Amapereka ndalama zambiri
• High Carbon Steel (0.6% ku 1.0% kaboni): Yodziwika ndi mphamvu yayikulu komanso kuuma, Zoyenera Zida ndi Zida Zodula.

Zosangalatsa monga Chromium, nickel, ndi manganese nthawi zambiri zimawonjezeredwa pazitsulo kuti zithetse katundu ngati kukana kwa chipongwe, kulimba, ndi kuuma. Mwachitsanzo, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ili ndi osachepera 10.5%.

Kumvetsetsa mawu osungunuka

Chifukwa cha mphamvu zake zazikulu komanso mtengo wotsika, chitsulo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana, Kuphatikiza Ntchito Zomanga, zamagalimoto, kupanga zombo, ndi kupanga makina. Kusintha kwake ndikubwezerezedwanso kumapangitsa kuti ikhale chithunzi cham'munda m'makono.

Kufunikira komvetsetsa malo osungunuka

Kuzindikira mawu osungunula ndi ofunikira mafakitale osiyanasiyana ndi ntchito, Pomwe zimakhudza mwachindunji kusankha, Kupanga njira, protocols chitetezo, ndi kukhulupirika konse. Ichi ndichifukwa chake chidziwitso ichi ndichofunikira:

1. Kusankha Zinthu ndi Kapangidwe

Kudziwa zitsulo zosungunulira za steel zopanga ndi opanga posankha zinthu zoyenera zofunsira zina. Mwachitsanzo, Zinthu zomwe zimapangidwa ndi kutentha kwambiri kumafuna zitsulo zokhala ndi mfundo zambiri zosungunuka kuti zisunge umphumphu komanso kupewa kulephera. Izi zimatsimikizira chitetezo ndi kulimba kwa zopanga ndi makina.

2. Kupanga njira

Mu kupanga, njira monga kukhululukidwa, kuwotcherera, ndikuponyera kumaphatikizapo kutentha zitsulo. Kuzindikira malo ake osungunuka ndikofunikira kuti muchepetse njira izi moyenera:

• Kupanga: Zitsulo zimatenthedwa kuti kutentha pansi paubwino kuti zikhale zovuta kuti zisame. Kutentha kolondola kumalepheretsa zolakwika ndipo kumayambitsa zinthu zamakina.
• Kuwotcherera: Kudziwa za mfundo zosungunuka kumalola kusankha koyenera komanso magawo, Kuwonetsetsa zolumikizana mwamphamvu popanda kunyalanyaza zakuthupi.

3. Chitetezo komanso umphumphu

M'malo owoneka ngati moto, Kudziwa kutentha komwe kumataya mphamvu kapena kusungunuka ndikofunikira. Chidziwitsochi chimathandizira kupanga zingwe zosagwirizana ndi moto ndikukhazikitsa njira zotetezera kuti mupewe zolephera zaphokoso.

4. Kuwongolera Kwabwino ndi Kuyesa

Kuwunikira malo osungunuka nthawi yopanga amakhala ngati njira yoyendetsera. Zopatuka zimatha kuwonetsa zodetsa kapena zolondola, Kuyesetsa kukonza zowongolera kuti musunge miyezo yazogulitsa.

5. Magwiridwe antchito kwambiri

Zogwiritsa ntchito zokhudzana ndi kutentha kwambiri, monga astoslospace kapena m'badwo wamphamvu, Kusankha zitsulo ndi mfundo zoyenera zosungunuka zimatsimikizira kudalirika kwa magwiridwe antchito komanso kukhala ndi moyo wambiri pamavuto.

Powombetsa mkota, Kumvetsetsa malo osungunuka ndi ofunika kuti atsanzire, Kuyambitsa Chitetezo, ndi kukwaniritsa mphamvu yotsika mtengo pamafakitale.

Mwachidule mawonekedwe osungunuka

Malo osungunuka

Chitsulo choyera chili ndi malo osungunuka pafupifupi 1,538 ° C (2,800°F). Cholinga chokhazikikachi chikupangitsa kuti chitsulo chinapangitsa kuti zitsulo zikhale zovuta kuti musungunuke ndi zitsulo zina ngati mkuwa kapena tini, omwe ali ndi mfundo zopumira.

Mwachidule mawonekedwe osungunuka

Malo osungunuka

Malo osungunuka amasiyanasiyana malinga ndi kapangidwe kake, Makamaka zomwe zakhala za Carbon ndi kupezeka kwa zinthu zoyatsira. Nthawi zambiri, Zosintha za chitsulo zosungunuka zimachokera pafupifupi 1,130 ° C mpaka 1,540 ° C (2,066° F mpaka 2,804 ° F).

Mphamvu ya Mitundu ya Carbon

Zokhala ndi mpweya zimakhudza kwambiri malo osungunuka:

• Chitsulo Chotsika-Carbon (mpaka 0.3% kaboni): Malo osungunuka pafupi ndi chitsulo choyera, pafupifupi 1,500 ° C (2,732°F).
• Chitsulo chapakati-Carbon (0.3% ku 0.6% kaboni): Malo osungunuka pang'ono, pafupifupi 1,450 ° C (2,642°F).
• High-Carbon Steel (0.6% ku 1.0% kaboni): Malo osungunuka amachepetsa, pafupifupi 1,370 ° C (2,498°F).

Zotsatira za Kuyatsira Zinthu

Zinthu zokongola zimatha kukhudza mfundo yosungunuka:

• Zitsulo Zosapanga dzimbiri (ananyamula ndi chromium ndi nickel): Mfundo zosungunuka zimasiyanasiyana pakati pa 1,400 ° C ndi 1,530 ° C (2,552° F mpaka 2,786 ° F).
• Zida Zida (okhala ndi zingwe ngati tungsten, molybdenum, ndi vadium): Mfundo zosungunuka zimasiyana chifukwa cha zojambula zosiyanasiyana, Nthawi zambiri pakati pa 1,320 ° C ndi 1,480 ° C (2,408° F mpaka 2,696 ° F).

Chidule

Malo osungunuka osakhazikika koma amasintha malinga ndi kapangidwe kake. Kuzindikira Kusintha Kusintha Kusintha Kwazofunikira Kwa Njira Zonga Monga Kulekanira, kuwotcherera, ndikuponya, Komwe kutentha kyedeza kokha kumatsimikizira umphumphu ndi magwiridwe antchito.

Zindikirani: Malo osungunuka omwe amaperekedwa ndikuyerekeza ndipo amatha kusiyanasiyana malinga ndi nyimbo za Alloy ndi njira zopangira.

Mfundo Zosungunula za Mitundu Yosiyanasiyana ya Zitsulo

Malo osungunuka amasiyanasiyana kutengera kapangidwe kake, Makamaka zomwe zakhala za Carbon ndi kupezeka kwa zinthu zoyatsira. Nayi chidule cha mfundo zosungunuka zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chitsulo:

1. Chitsulo cha Carbon

• Chitsulo Chotsika-Carbon (Chitsulo Chochepa): Ili ndi pafupifupi 0.05% ku 0.25% kaboni. Malo osungunuka amachokera ku 1,425 ° C mpaka 1,540 ° C (2,597° F mpaka 2,804 ° F).
• Chitsulo chapakati-Carbon: Ili ndi 0.30% ku 0.60% kaboni. Malo osungunuka amachokera ku 1,420 ° C mpaka 1,500 ° C (2,588° F mpaka 2,732 ° F).
• High-Carbon Steel: Ili ndi pafupifupi 0.60% ku 1.00% kaboni. Malo osungunuka amachokera ku 1,370 ° C mpaka 1,440 ° C (2,498° F mpaka 2,624 ° F).

2. Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri

• Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha Austenitic: Yodziwika ndi chromium ndi ma nickel, Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zovuta Zabwino Kwambiri. Malo osungunuka amachokera ku 1,400 ° C mpaka 1,450 ° C (2,552° F mpaka 2,642 ° F).
• Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha Ferritic: Ili ndi chromium yokhala ndi ma chromium omwe ali ndi mipweya yotsika ya kaboni, Kupereka zotsutsana zabwino ndi maginito. Malo osungunuka amachokera ku 1,480 ° C mpaka 1,530 ° C (2,696° F mpaka 2,786 ° F).

3. Zida Zida

• Chitsulo Chothamanga Kwambiri: Anathandizira ndi zinthu ngati tungsten, molybdenum, ndi vadium kuti isunge kuuma kwamphamvu kwambiri. Malo osungunuka amachokera ku 1,320 ° C mpaka 1,450 ° C (2,408° F mpaka 2,642 ° F).
• Chida chotentha: Zopangidwa kuti zithe kupirira kutentha kwambiri mukamayesedwa. Malo osungunuka amachokera ku 1,400 ° C mpaka 1,500 ° C (2,552° F mpaka 2,732 ° F).

4. Kuponya Chitsulo

• Imvi: Muli 2.5% ku 4.0% kaboni ndi 1% ku 3% silicon. Malo osungunuka amachokera ku 1,150 ° C mpaka 1,300 ° C (2,102° F mpaka 2,372 ° F).
• Duart dinani chitsulo: Zofananira za carbon zomwe zimawoneka ngati imvi komanso zimathandizira kukonza. Malo osungunuka amachokera ku 1,150 ° C mpaka 1,300 ° C (2,102° F mpaka 2,372 ° F).

Tebulo lachidule

Zindikirani: Malo osungunuka omwe amaperekedwa ndikuyerekeza ndipo amatha kusiyanasiyana malinga ndi nyimbo za Alloy ndi njira zopangira.

Kuzindikira mawu osiyanasiyana osinthika ndikofunikira posankha mtundu woyenera wa mapulogalamu apadera, Kuonetsetsa Kuchita, chitetezo, ndi mphamvu yotsika mtengo pamakampani amafakitale.

Kusintha kwamaganizidwe mu kafukufuku wofunsira

Kuzindikira mawu osungunula ndi ofunikira pamachitidwe osiyanasiyana afunsiro, Pomwe zimakhudza mwachindunji njira ngati zonunkhira, kuponyera, kuwotcherera, kudula, ndi magwiridwe antchito ochulukirapo.

1. Kununkhira ndikuponya

Kupanga ndi kuponyera ntchito, chitsulo chimatenthedwa mpaka chimakhala chosungunuka ndipo chimatha kuthiridwa mu nkhungu kuti mupange mawonekedwe omwe mukufuna. Choyimira chosinthika cha chitsulo chachitsulo chimatsimikiza kutentha kofunikira pamachitidwe awa:

• Kuleka: Zimaphatikizapo kuchotsa chitsulo kuchokera ku ore ndikuwonjezera zinthu zokongola kuti zipange chitsulo. Kutentha kwa ntchentche kuyenera kupitirira malo osungunuka a chitsulo chaching'ono kuti muwonetsetse kusakaniza koyenera ndikuchotsa zodetsa.
• Kuponya: Pamafunika kutentha kwa kutentha kuti musunge zitsulo m'madzi a madzi odzaza nkhungu pomwe mukuchepetsa chilema chonga ndi kudzoza kosakwanira. Kuzindikira malo osungunuka kumatsimikizira madzi abwino komanso mitengo yolimba.

2. Kutentha ndi kudula

Kuwonjeza ndikudula njira kumaphatikizapo kutentha kwa chitemberero kuti mulowe kapena kuphatikizika:

• Kuwotcherera: Amafunika kuputiritsa chitsulo ndi kutentha komwe kumakhala kovuta kapena pang'ono pang'ono kuwononga zidutswa. Malo osungunuka amalamula kuti njira yoyenda ndi kutentha kwa kutentha kofunikira.
• Kudula: Njira ngati mafuta otsatsa kutentha kwa kutentha kwa kutentha kwake, Kulola kuti zikhale oxidized ndikulekanitsidwa. Kudziwa kuti kusungunuka kumatsimikizira kutentha koyenera kumatheka kudula bwino popanda kuwononga mafuta osokoneza bongo.

Zotsatira za chitsulo chosungunuka pakuwotcha

3. Malo Osiyanasiyana

Zosakaniza zamagetsi, monga ma turbines kapena injini, ayenera kuyang'anizana ndi zotentha zoyandikira mfundo zawo zosungunuka:

• Kusankha Zinthu: Ma Yemwe ali ndi mfundo zosungunuka kwambiri komanso kukana kwina kumasankhidwa kuti tisunge umphumphu pansi pa kuwonekera kwa kutentha kwambiri.
• Margins otetezeka: Opanga amagwiritsa ntchito chitetezo chamkati mwa malo osungunuka kuti aletse kulephera kwa zinthu chifukwa cha zovuta zakuthupi kapena zotupa.

4. Kutentha mankhwala

Kuchizira kutentha kumaphatikizapo kutentha ndi kuzizira zisinthe mawonekedwe ake:

• Annealing: Kutentha kwachitsulo kwa kutentha kwina komwe kumapangitsa kuti kufewetsa ndikusintha.
• Kutentha ndi kuzizira: Zimaphatikizapo kutentha zitsulo kutentha kwambiri kenako ndikuziritsa mofulumira kuti ziwonjezere kuuma, kutsatiridwa pobwereza kutentha pang'ono kuti muchepetse.

Kuzindikira malo osungunuka ndikofunikira kuti tipewe kutentha, zomwe zimatha kuchititsa kukula kwa tirigu kapena kusungunuka, Zovuta zomwe zimakhudza makina.

5. Kupanga

Kupepesa kutanthauzira zitsulo m'mawonekedwe omwe akufuna kudzera mumitundu yopondereza:

• Kupezera kutentha: Nthawi zambiri pakati 70% ku 90% Mfundo yopumira ya chitsulo. Kutentha kwa kutentha koyenera kumatsimikizira oyenera okwanira ndipo amalepheretsa.

Powombetsa mkota, Malo osasunthika ndi gawo lofunikira lomwe likupangitsa kupanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndikugwiritsa ntchito. Kudziwa zolondola ndi kuwongolera kwa kutentha kwakuti ndi malo osungunula onetsetsani kuti mukufuna, umphumphu wamapangidwe, ndi magwiridwe antchito a chitsulo kudutsa mafakitale osiyanasiyana.

Kusintha kwamaganizidwe mu kafukufuku wofunsira

Faq yosungunuka ya chitsulo

1. Kodi malo osungunuka ndi otani??

Malo osungunuka amasiyanasiyana kutengera kapangidwe kake, nthawi zambiri kuyambira pakati pa 1,370 ° C mpaka 1,510 ° C (2,500° F mpaka 2,750 ° F).

2. Kodi zokhudzana ndi ma carbon zimakhudza bwanji mawu osungunuka?

Monga momwe zinthu zimakulirakulira, malo osungunuka nthawi zambiri amachepetsa. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha mapangidwe a masamba a carbide-carbide omwe amasokoneza mawonekedwe a chitsulo, kutsitsa kutentha kosungunuka.

3. Kodi malo osungunuka ndi chiyani??

Chitsulo choyera chimasungunuka pafupifupi 1,538 ° C (2,800°F).

4. Chitani zinthu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zisasungunuke?

Inde, Zosangalatsa monga nickel, chromium, ndipo manganese imatha kukhudza malo osungunuka. Zotsatira zake zimatengera mtundu ndi kukhazikika kwa zinthu zoyatsira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.

5. Chifukwa chiyani kuli kofunikira kudziwa malo osungunula?

Kumvetsetsa mawu osungunula ndi kofunikira kwambiri ngati kufota, kuponyera, kuwotcherera, ndi ntchito m'malo ochulukirapo. Imathandiza kutentha koyenera kukhalabe ndi umphumphu ndi zinthu zomwe mukufuna.

6. Kodi malo osungunuka amafanana bwanji ndi zitsulo zina?

Zitsulo nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi gawo lokhazikika poyerekeza ndi zitsulo monga aluminiyamu (660° C kapena 1,220 ° F) ndi mkuwa (1,084° C kapena 1,983 ° F), koma otsika kuposa a tungsten (3,399° C kapena 6,150 ° F).

7. Zitha kusokoneza malo osungunuka?

Inde, Zodetsa zimatha kusintha malo osungunuka. Kutengera chikhalidwe chawo, Zodetsa zimatha kukweza kapena kutsitsa kutentha kosungunuka, kukhudza katundu wa zitsulo.

8. Kodi malo osungunuka amakhudza bwanji njira zopepuka?

Mu, Kumvetsetsa malo osungunuka a chiwonetsero chachitsulo ndikofunikira kusankha njira zoyenera ndi zothandizira kutentha, Kuonetsetsa zolumikizana zopanda malire ndi zolakwika.

9. Pali zitsulo zokhala ndi mfundo zapadera zosungunuka?

Pomwe zitsulo zokhazikika zimasungunuka mpaka pafupifupi 1,510 ° C (2,750°F), Kutentha kwapamwamba kwambiri ndi zitsulo zopatulidwa ngati tungsten amakhala ndi mfundo zambiri zosungunuka, Oyenera kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri.

10. Kodi malo osungunuka amasintha bwanji ntchito zake?

Malo osungunuka amatsimikiza kutsimikizika kwa chitsulo chamapulogalamu osiyanasiyana, Makamaka iwo omwe ali ndi kutentha kwambiri, monga ma turbines, injini, ndi zigawo zopangidwa ndi kutentha.

Kutentha: Kutembenuza kutentha (℃ ⇄ ⇄ ⇄ k)