Definición ne clasificación 'ra'yo materiales: New materials refer to those materials that have just appeared or are already developing and have excellent properties and special functions that traditional materials do not have. Hingi nuna ar dängo 'nar frontera neki entre 'ra'yo ya materiales ne ya materiales hneise̲. Ya 'ra'yo materiales ar desarrollan dige ar base ya materiales hneise̲.
¿Teme ra definen ne clasifican ya 'ra'yo materiales?? Veamos 'me̲t'o ár definición ar 'ra'yo materiales:
Ya 'ra'yo materiales bí mä jar da aquellos materiales xi surgido wa ya ar gi 'bu̲hu̲ desarrollando ne pe̲ts'i excelentes propiedades ne yá nt'ot'e hontho da materiales ya hneise̲ hingi pe̲ts'i yá.
Hingi nuna ar dängo 'nar frontera neki entre 'ra'yo ya materiales ne ya materiales hneise̲. Ya 'ra'yo materiales ar desarrollan dige ar base ya materiales hneise̲.
Ya materiales hneise̲ xi convertir ar ja ya 'ra'yo materiales ir nge ya mejoras ja ar composición, estructura, Diseño ne proceso pa mejorar ar rendimiento ar hñei ga 'ra'yo propiedades.
Definición ne clasificación 'ra'yo materiales
Honja base ne precursora mextha tecnología, Ya 'ra'yo materiales pe̲ts'i 'nar nt'ot'e ho 'bui ndunthe gama aplicaciones.
Junto con ar tecnología ar ungumfädi ne ar biotecnología, Ar xi convertido ja ya campos mäs mahyoni ne prometedores ar 'nanthebe je̲ya XXI.
Getho bí thogi goho ya materiales hneise̲, Ya 'ra'yo materiales ar xi clasificar ndezu̲ dí perspectivas 'na'ño, komongu ar composición estructural, Función ne hwähi nt'ot'e.
Ya 'na'ño clasificaciones gi 'bu̲hu̲ entrelazadas ne anidadas. 'Bu̲'bya, Ya 'ra'yo materiales nu'bu̲ da nthe̲hu̲ 'ra da dividen ya nuya campos ja ir nge ya campos ya nt'ot'e ne ya puntos críticos nthoni actuales:
Materiales ungumfädi electrónica, Materiales ya 'ra'yo energía, Nanomateriales, Materiales compuestos avanzados, Materiales cerámicos avanzados, Materiales pa ar entorno ecológico, 'Ra'yo materiales funcionales (da 'ñent'i materiales superconductores mextha ar mpat'i, Materiales magnéticos, Películas diamante, Materiales poliméricos funcionales, etc.), Materiales biomédicos, Materiales estructurales mar hñets'i rendimiento, Materiales inteligentes, 'Ra'yo nju̲ts'i ne química ya 'ra'yo materiales, etc.
Ya materiales ungumfädi electrónica bí mä jar ja ya materiales utilizados ya campos ar microelectrónica, Tecnología optoelectrónica ne productos hontho 'ra'yo componentes, da principalmente 'ñent'i materiales microelectrónicos semiconductores representados ya silicio monocristalino;
Optoelectronic materials represented by laser crystals; Materiales cerámicos electrónicos representados ya cerámicas dieléctricas ne cerámicas termosensibles;
Magnetic materials represented by neodymium iron boron (NdFeB) Materiales imanes nzäm'bu; Materiales comunicación ya fibra óptica; Materiales almacenamiento datos basados principalmente almacenamiento magnético ne almacenamiento jar disco óptico;
Piezoelectric crystals and thin film materials;
Green battery materials represented by hydrogen storage materials and lithium ion embedding materials, etc.
Nuya materiales hontho ne yá productos apoyan ár nte ya industrias modernas ar ar ungumfädi, komongu ya comunicaciones, Computadoras, Dispositivos ungumfädi ne tecnologías red.
Tendencia Nxoge nte ya materiales ungumfädi electrónica ar ntsuni Nar dätä hño tamaño, Mextha uniformidad, Mextha 'mui, Bí nja'bu̲ bí komongu película delgada, Multifuncionalidad ne integración.
Ya puntos críticos nthoni ne ya nt'uni mfädi tecnológicas actuales incluyen materiales semiconductores ar tercera ar generación representados ya materiales semiconductores ya me̲'bida prohibida ar ancha, komongu ya transistores flexibles, Cristales fotónicos, Cristales fotónicos, Sic, Gan, ZnSe, Materiales ar exhibición orgánicos, ne yá materiales nanoelectrónicos.
Ya 'ra'yo tecnologías energéticas ne renovables ar energía 'Beni ya 'na ya ku̲t'a campos técnicos mäs decisivos jar mfats'i jar economía jar nxoge ximhai ja ar 'nanthebe je̲ya XXI.
Ya 'ra'yo energías incluyen energía primaria, komongu ar energía solar, Energía biomasa, energía nuclear, energía eólica, energía geotérmica, Energía oceánica, ne ar energía hidrógeno ja ya 'mui mbo energía secundarias.
Ya materiales 'ra'yo energía bí mä jar ja ya materiales clave utilizados pa ga OT'UJE ar transformación ne ar utilización ar 'ra'yo energía ne ár nte 'ra'yo tecnologías energéticas.
Incluyen principalmente materiales baterías ar níquel-hidrógeno representados ya materiales aleación electrodos almacenamiento hidrógeno, Materiales baterías iones ar litio representados ya electrodos negativos litio-carbono ne electrodos positivos LiCoO2, Materiales ya pilas combustible, Materiales ar células solares representados ya materiales semiconductores hä, ne ya materiales energía nuclear ya reactores representados ir nge ar uranio, deuterio, ne tritio.
Ya puntos críticos nthoni actuales ne ya nt'uni mfädi tecnológicas incluyen materiales almacenamiento hidrógeno mextha energía, Materiales polímero pa baterías, Materiales electrolíticos pila combustible óxido sólido mpat'i made, ne materiales policristalinos células solares película delgada.
Ya nanomateriales ge 'nar ngäts'i Nxoge pa ar dimensión cero, unidimensional, bidimensional, ne materiales tridimensionales ko efectos ar pequeño ar tamaño compuestos ya partículas ultrafinas ko 'nar tamaño inferior bí 100 ar nm (0.1-100Nm).
Jar mfeni jar nanomateriales ar formó a mediados de ar década 1980.
Mä ya xki ne ya nanomateriales exhiben 'nar óptica ho̲ntho., eléctrico, magnético, termal, mecánico, ne propiedades mecánicas, Ar nanotecnología xi penetrado rápidamente ja yá campos ya materiales ne bí xi convertido ja 'nar tema candente jar ár nthoni científica jar nxoge ximhai nu'bya.
Nä'ä mä jar nt'ot'e física, Ya dätä ya rasgos, ya nanomateriales xi gi ar jar ku̲t'a ya nt'ot'e: Nanopolvos, Nanofibras, Nanopelículas, Nanobloques, ne líquidos separados ya nanofases.
Anke ya nanomateriales ar xi industrializado ya principalmente nanopolvos, materiales komongu ar carbonato cálcico, Blanco humo xí mpothe, ne óxido zinc, ne ma'ra gi 'bu̲hu̲ básicamente jar etapa nthoni primaria ar laboratorio, ne bí espera ne ár nt'ot'e tso̲kwa gran escala da 5-10 ya je̲ya 'me̲fa, Hingi ja xi duda ar ke ar nanotecnología, representada ir nge ya nanomateriales, da mets'i 'nar profundo impacto jar ár nte Bojä ne ya 'mui ar 'nanthebe je̲ya XXI.
Ya puntos críticos nthoni ne ya nt'uni mfädi tecnológicas actuales incluyen: Materiales ar nanoensamblaje representados ya nanotubos carbono; Materiales nanoestructurados mar hñets'i rendimiento, komongu nanocerámicas ne nanocompuestos; Diseño ne síntesis materiales nano — recubrimiento;
Development of nano-electronic devices such as single-electron transistors, Nano — láseres ne nano-interruptores, ne materiales almacenamiento ungumfädi ultra mextha densidad C60.
Ya materiales compuestos ya materiales ko estructuras yoho wa mäs fases compuestas ir nge yoho wa mäs materiales ko 'na'ño propiedades a través de composición física ne química.
Nuna ar klase hñei hingi Honto pe̲ts'i 'nar mäs xi hño rendimiento da 'na he̲'mi 'natho ar composición, pe 'nehe pe̲ts'i propiedades únicas da componentes ya hä solos hingi pe̲ts'i yá.
Ya materiales compuestos ar xi gi ja yoho ya nt'ot'e nä'ä mä jár njapu'befi: Materiales compuestos estructurales ne materiales compuestos funcionales.
Ya materiales compuestos estructurales ar utilizan principalmente komongu materiales pa estructuras portantes.
Gi compuestos ya componentes ar refuerzo nä'ä xi soportar cargas (komongu ar vidrio, cerámica, carbono, polimeros, metales, natural fibers, fabrics, whiskers, sheets and particles, etc.) and matrix components that can connect the reinforcements to form a whole material and transmit force (such as resin, metal, cerámica, vidrio, carbon and cement, etc.).
Structural materials are usually divided into polymer-based composites, metal-based composites, ceramic-based composites, carbon-based composites and cement-based composites according to the different matrices.
Functional materials refer to composite materials that provide other physical, químico, biological and other properties in addition to mechanical properties.
There are many types of composite materials, including piezoelectric, conductive, radar stealth, permanent magnet, photochromic, sound absorption, flame retardant, bio-self-absorption, etc., which have broad development prospects.
Ja ar futuro, the proportion of functional composite materials will exceed that of structural composite materials and become the mainstream of composite material development.
The research direction of composite materials in the future will mainly focus on nanocomposites, bionic composite materials, and the development of multifunctional, smart and intelligent composite materials.
Eco-environmental materials were proposed in the context of human beings’ awareness of the important strategic significance of ecological and environmental protection and the fact that countries around the world are taking the path of sustainable development.
They are an inevitable trend in the development of materials science and engineering research at home and abroad.
It is generally believed that eco-environmental materials are materials that have satisfactory performance and are endowed with excellent environmental coordination.
The characteristics of this type of material are that it consumes less resources and energy, has little pollution to the ecology and environment, has a high recycling rate, and is in harmony with the ecological environment throughout the entire life cycle from material manufacturing, use, disposal to recycling and recycling.
Mainly include: environmentally compatible materials, such as pure natural materials (zaa, Nunu̲, etc.), biomimetic materials (artificial bones, artificial organs, etc.), green packaging materials (green packaging bags, packaging containers), ecological building materials (non-toxic decorative materials, etc.); environmentally degradable materials (biodegradable plastics, etc.); environmental engineering materials, such as environmental restoration materials, environmental purification materials (molecular sieves, ion sieve materials), environmental alternative materials (phosphorus-free laundry detergent additives), etc.
The research hotspots and development directions of eco-environmental materials include the design of recycled polymers (plásticos), the theoretical system of material environmental coordination evaluation, and new processes, new technologies and new methods to reduce the environmental load of materials.
Biomedical materials are a new type of high-tech materials used to diagnose, treat or replace human tissues and organs or enhance their functions.
They are a new and developing field in materials science and technology.
They not only have high technical content and economic value, but are also closely related to the life and health of patients. In the past 10 ya je̲ya, the market for biomedical materials and products has maintained a growth rate of about 20%.
Biomedical Materials
Biomedical materials are divided into medical metal materials, medical polymer materials, bioceramic materials and biomedical composite materials according to material composition and properties.
Metales, cerámica, polymers and their composite materials are the most widely used biomedical materials.
According to the application, biomedical materials can be divided into degradable and absorbable materials, tissue engineering materials and artificial organs, controlled release materials, bionic intelligent materials, etc.
The research and development directions of biomedical materials are mainly:
In the mid-1980s, people proposed the concept of smart materials (Smart Materials or Intelligent Material System): Smart materials imitate life systems, can sense environmental changes and change one or more of their own performance parameters in real time, and make desired composite materials or composite materials that can adapt to the changed environment.
Smart materials are a complex material system that integrates materials and structures, intelligent processing, execution systems, control systems and sensor systems.
Its design and synthesis span almost all high-tech disciplines.
The basic material components that constitute smart materials include piezoelectric materials, shape memory materials, optical fibers, electro-(magneto-)rheological fluids, magnetostrictive materials and smart polymer materials.
The emergence of smart materials will bring human civilization to a new height, but it is still a certain distance away from the practical stage.
Future research focuses include the following six aspects:
Structural materials refer to engineering materials with mechanical properties as the main feature.
They are the most widely used materials in the national economy.
From daily necessities, buildings to automobiles, airplanes, satellites and rockets, they all obtain their shape, size and strength through some form of structural framework.
Traditional materials such as steel and nonferrous metals belong to this category.
High-performance structural materials generally refer to structural materials with higher mechanical properties such as strength, dureza, plasticity and toughness, and adapt to special environmental requirements.
They include new metal materials, high-performance structural ceramic materials and polymer materials.
Current research hotspots include: high-temperature alloys, new aluminum alloys and magnesium alloys, high-temperature structural ceramic materials and polymer alloys.
Functional materials refer to materials that exhibit special properties such as electricity, magnetism, light, biology and chemistry in addition to mechanical properties.
In addition to the information, energy, nano, biomedical and other materials introduced earlier, new functional materials mainly include high-temperature superconducting materials, Materiales magnéticos, Películas diamante, Materiales poliméricos funcionales, etc.
Current research hotspots include: nano-functional materials, nanocrystalline rare earth permanent magnets and rare earth hydrogen storage alloy materials, bulk amorphous materials, high-temperature superconducting materials, magnetic shape memory alloy materials, magnetic polymer materials, diamond film preparation technology, etc.
New chemical materials are basic raw materials used in the fields of chemical industry, petróleo, etc., mainly including organic fluorine materials, organic silicon materials, high-performance fibers, nano-chemical materials, inorganic functional materials, etc.
Nano-chemical materials and special chemical coatings have been research hotspots in recent years.
Advanced ceramic materials refer to products with excellent performance made from refined high-purity, ultra-fine inorganic compounds as raw materials and advanced preparation process technology.
According to the requirements of engineering technology for product performance, the manufactured products can have piezoelectric, ferroelectric, conductive, semiconductor, magnético, etc. or have excellent properties such as high strength, high toughness, Mextha dureza, Resistencia ar desgaste, Resistencia ar corrosión, high temperature resistance, Mextha conductividad térmica, insulation or good biocompatibility.
Materiales cerámicos avanzados
Advanced ceramic materials are generally divided into three categories: structural ceramics, ceramic-based composite materials and functional ceramics.
Most functional ceramics are widely used in the electronics industry and are also commonly referred to as electronic ceramic materials.
Such as ceramic insulating materials, ceramic substrate materials, ceramic packaging materials used to manufacture chips, and capacitor ceramics, piezoelectric ceramics, ferrite magnetic materials used to manufacture electronic devices.
Current research hotspots include the strengthening and toughening technology of ceramic materials, the preparation and synthesis technology of nano-ceramic materials, the design of advanced structural ceramic material systems, and the high uniformity and ultra-fine technology of electronic ceramic materials.
New building materials mainly include new wall materials, chemical building materials, new thermal insulation materials, building decoration materials, etc.
Entre nu'u̲, chemical building materials include building plastics, building coatings, building waterproofing, sealing materials, thermal insulation materials, sound insulation materials, special ceramics, building adhesives, etc., which are new building materials that my country will focus on developing during the “15th Five-Year Plan”.
New material definition: Ya 'ra'yo materiales bí mä jar da aquellos materiales xi surgido wa ya ar gi 'bu̲hu̲ desarrollando ne pe̲ts'i excelentes propiedades ne yá nt'ot'e hontho da materiales ya hneise̲ hingi pe̲ts'i yá.
Hingi nuna ar dängo 'nar frontera neki entre 'ra'yo ya materiales ne ya materiales hneise̲.
Ya 'ra'yo materiales ar desarrollan dige ar base ya materiales hneise̲.
Ya materiales hneise̲ xi convertir ar ja ya 'ra'yo materiales ir nge ya mejoras ja ar composición, estructura, Diseño ne proceso pa mejorar ar rendimiento ar hñei ga 'ra'yo propiedades.
New materials are divided into four categories according to structural composition, including metal materials, inorganic non-metallic materials, organic polymer materials, and advanced composite materials.
According to material performance, there are structural materials and functional materials.
According to the uses and properties of new materials, the “China New Materials Products and Technology Guidance Catalogue” divides new materials products into more than ten specific technical fields, including new metal materials, new building materials, new chemical materials, electronic information materials, Materiales biomédicos, Materiales ya 'ra'yo energía, nano and powder materials, new composite materials, new rare earth materials, high-performance ceramic materials, new carbon materials, new materials preparation technology and equipment.
1 Materiales ungumfädi electrónica
2 Energy-saving new materials
3 Nanomateriales
4 Materiales compuestos avanzados
Glass fiber, aramid, silicon carbide, grafito, boron fiber, steel fiber, whiskers, synthetic wear-resistant materials, resin-based, metal-based, ceramic-based composite materials, carbon/carbon composite materials, carbide blades , friction materials, Materiales compuestos
5 Advanced metal materials
6 New chemical materials
Organic silicon, organic fluorine, engineering plastics and plastic alloys, special rubber, special fiber, special coating, refrigerant, fine chemical products
7 Materiales cerámicos avanzados
Functional ceramics (microwave, ceramic dielectric electronic components , piezoelectric, sensitive, transparent) structural ceramics (honeycomb, wear-resistant, high temperature, high toughness, coating, ceramic-based composite)
8 Rare earth materials
High-purity rare earth, additives, catalysts, permanent magnets, luminescence, hydrogen storage
9 Magnetic materials
Soft magnetic materials, permanent magnets, magnetic recording materials, magnetic devices
10 Carbon materials
Activated carbon, carbon black, diamond, grafito, Fibra carbono
11 Membrane materials
Filter membranes (organic membranes, inorganic membranes), functional films (optical, insulating)
12 Superconducting materials
Preparation and application technologies of practical superconducting wires, blocks, and films.
13 Materiales biomédicos
Implantes, artificial tissues, blood filtration, sutures
14 Ecological and environmental materials
Environmental engineering materials, green packaging, degradable materials, environmental alternative materials
15 'Ra'yo materiales nju̲ts'i
Thermal insulation materials, high-strength cement, green ecological building materials
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