Fa'aliliuga
Fa'atonu Fa'aliliuga
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Fa'amatalaga ma le fa'avasegaina o mea fou: New materials refer to those materials that have just appeared or are already developing and have excellent properties and special functions that traditional materials do not have. E leai se tuaoi manino i le va o mea fou ma mea masani. O mea fou e fausia i luga o le faavae o mea masani.
E fa'apefea ona fa'amatalaina ma fa'avasega mea fou? Sei o tatou tilotilo muamua i le faʻamatalaga o mea fou:
O mea fou e faʻatatau i mea na aliaʻe pe ua uma ona atiaʻe ma o loʻo i ai meatotino sili ona lelei ma galuega faʻapitoa e leai ni mea masani..
E leai se tuaoi manino i le va o mea fou ma mea masani. O mea fou e fausia i luga o le faavae o mea masani.
O mea fa'aleaganu'u e mafai ona atia'e e avea ma mea fou e ala i le fa'aleleia atili o le fatuga, fausaga, mamanu ma faʻagasologa e faʻaleleia ai le faʻatinoga o meafaitino poʻo le i ai o ni meatotino fou.
Fa'amatalaga ma le fa'avasegaina o mea fou
I le avea ai ma faʻavae ma faʻamuamua o tekonolosi maualuga, mea fou o loʻo i ai le lautele tele o faʻaoga.
Faʻatasi ma faʻamatalaga tekonolosi ma biotechnology, ua avea i latou ma fanua sili ona taua ma sili ona manuia i le 21st seneturi.
E pei o mea masani, mea fou e mafai ona fa'avasegaina mai le tele o va'aiga 'ese'ese e pei o le fa'atulagaina, galuega ma fanua talosaga.
O fa'avasegaga 'ese'ese o lo'o feso'ota'i ma fa'amoega. I le taimi nei, mea fou e masani ona vaevaeina i vaega autu nei e tusa ai ma fanua talosaga ma nofoaga autu o suesuega i le taimi nei:
Fa'amatalaga fa'aeletonika, mea fou malosi, nanomaterials, mea fa'apipi'i maualuluga, mea sima maualuluga, mea tau si'osi'omaga, mea faigaluega fou (e aofia ai mea maualuga-vevela superconducting, mea maneta, ata tifaga taimane, mea aoga polymer, ma isi.), mea fa'asoifua maloloina, mea fa'atulagaina maualuga, mea atamai, fale fou ma vaila'au fou, ma isi.
Fa'amatalaga fa'amatalaga fa'aeletonika e fa'atatau i mea fa'aoga i totonu ole matata ole microelectronics, tekinolosi optoelectronic ma vaega fou oloa faavae, aemaise lava e aofia ai mea semiconductor microelectronic faʻatusalia e tasi tioata tioata;
Optoelectronic materials represented by laser crystals; mea fa'aeletonika sima o lo'o fa'atusalia e le dielectric ceramics ma thermosensitive ceramics;
Magnetic materials represented by neodymium iron boron (NdFeB) mea maneta tumau; mea e feso'ota'i ai alava mata; mea e teu ai fa'amaumauga e fa'atatau i le teuina fa'amaneta ma le teuina o tisiki mata;
Piezoelectric crystals and thin film materials;
Green battery materials represented by hydrogen storage materials and lithium ion embedding materials, ma isi.
O nei mea fa'avae ma a latou oloa e lagolagoina ai le atina'eina o fa'amatalaga fa'aonaponei pisinisi e pei o feso'ota'iga, komepiuta, fa'amatalaga meafaigaluega ma feso'ota'iga tekonolosi.
Ole tulaga lautele ole atina'e o mea fa'aeletoroni fa'amatalaga e aga'i atu ile lapopoa, maualuga tulaga tutusa, maualuga amio sa'o, faapea foi ma ata manifinifi, multifunctionality ma tuufaatasia.
O nofoaga autu o suʻesuʻega o loʻo i ai nei ma tuaoi faʻatekonolosi e aofia ai mea semiconductor faʻavae lona tolu o loʻo faʻatusalia e mea lautele-bandgap semiconductor mea e pei o transistors fetuutuunai., tioata photonic, tioata photonic, SiC, GaN, ZnSe, mea fa'aalia fa'aletino, ma mea eseese nanoelectronic.
Malosiaga fou ma le fa'afouina fa'atekonolosi malosi mama o se tasi lea o matā'upu fa'atekinisi sili e lima i le atina'eina o le tamaoaiga o le lalolagi i le 21st seneturi..
Malosiaga fou e aofia ai malosiaga muamua e pei ole malosi ole la, malosi ole biomass, malosi faaniukilia, malosi o le matagi, malosi o le geothermal, malosi ole sami, ma le hydrogen malosi i puna eletise lona lua.
O mea fou malosi e faʻatatau i mea taua e faʻaaogaina e iloa ai le suiga ma le faʻaogaina o le malosi fou ma le atinaʻeina o tekonolosi fou..
E masani lava ona aofia ai mea e maua i le nickel-hydrogen maa o lo'o fa'atusalia e le hydrogen storage electrode alloy material, mea maa lithium-ion o lo'o fa'atusalia e le lithium-carbon electrodes leaga ma LiCoO2 electrodes lelei, mea e maua ai le suauu, mea e fai ai le la o lo'o fa'atusalia e Si semiconductor meafaitino, ma mea faaniukilia faakomepiuta mea e fai ma sui o le uranium, deuterium, ma tritium.
O nofoaga autu o su'esu'ega i le taimi nei ma tuaoi fa'atekonolosi e aofia ai mea e teu ai le hydrogen e maualuga le malosi, mea maa polymer, feololo-vevela solid oxide suau'u suauu mea electrolyte, ma polycrystalline mea manifinifi-film solar cell mea.
Nanomaterials o se faaupuga lautele mo le-dimensional, itu-tasi, itu-lua, ma mea e tolu-dimensional ma laʻititi laʻititi o aʻafiaga e aofia ai vaega ultrafine ma se lapoʻa itiiti ifo i le 100nm (0.1-100nm).
O le manatu o nanomaterials na fausia i le ogatotonu o 1980s.
Talu ai ona fa'aalia e nanomaterials opitika tulaga ese, eletise, maneta, vevela, masini, ma mea tau masini, nanotechnology ua vave ona ulu atu i vaega eseese o meafaitino ma ua avea ma autu vevela i le lalolagi o loʻo iai nei suʻesuʻega faasaienisi..
E tusa ai ma foliga faaletino, nanomaterials e mafai ona vaevaeina i ni vaega se lima: nanopowders, nanofibers, nanofilms, nanoblocks, ma vai e vavae ese le nanophase.
E ui lava o nanomaterials ua uma ona faʻaulufaleina e masani lava o mea nanopowder pei ole calcium carbonate, paepae kaponi uliuli, ma le zinc oxide, ma isi o lo'o i ai pea i le tulaga muamua o su'esu'ega a le falesu'esu'e, ma fa'aoga tetele e fa'amoemoeina 5-10 tausaga mulimuli ane, e leai se masalosalo o le nanotechnology o loʻo faʻatusalia e nanomaterials o le ai ai se aafiaga loloto i le tamaoaiga ma agafesootai atinaʻe o le 21st seneturi.
O nofoaga autu o su'esu'ega i le taimi nei ma tuaoi fa'atekonolosi e aofia ai: mea fa'apipi'i nano fa'atusaina e le carbon nanotubes; mea fa'apipi'i fa'atino maualuga e pei o nano-ceramics ma nano-composites; mamanu ma le faʻapipiʻiina o mea faʻapipiʻi nano;
Development of nano-electronic devices such as single-electron transistors, nano-lasers ma nano-sui, ma le C60 ultra-high-density fa'amatalaga e teu ai mea.
O mea fa'apipi'i o mea ia e lua pe sili atu fo'i vaega fa'avae e fausia i ni mea se lua pe sili atu fo'i ma mea 'ese'ese e ala i le tu'ufa'atasiga fa'aletino ma vaila'au..
O lenei ituaiga mea e le gata e sili atu le faʻatinoga nai lo soʻo se mea e tasi i le tuufaatasiga, ae o loʻo iai foʻi mea faʻapitoa e le o iai na o vaega.
E mafai ona vaevaeina mea tu'ufa'atasi i ni vaega se lua e tusa ai ma lo latou fa'aogaina: mea fa'apipi'i fa'atulagaina ma mea tu'ufa'atasi galue.
O mea faʻapipiʻi faʻapipiʻi e masani ona faʻaaogaina e fai ma mea mo fausaga faʻapipiʻi uta.
E aofia ai vaega fa'amalosia e mafai ona tauave avega (pei o tioata, keramika, kaponi, polymers, metala, filo faanatura, ie, 'ava, laupepa ma fasimea, ma isi.) ma vaega matrix e mafai ona faʻafesoʻotaʻi faʻamalosi e fausia ai se mea atoa ma tuʻuina atu le malosi (pei ole resini, uamea, keramika, tioata, kaponi ma sima, ma isi.).
O mea faufale e masani ona vaevaeina i ni mea fa'avae polymer, mea fa'avae uamea, composites fa'avae sima, composites faavae carbon ma composites faavae sima e tusa ai ma matrices eseese.
O mea aoga e faasino i mea tu'ufa'atasi e maua ai isi mea fa'aletino, vaila'au, meaola ma isi mea fa'aopoopo i mea tau masini.
E tele ituaiga mea tu'ufa'atasi, e aofia ai piezoelectric, fa'atonu, fa'alilo o le radar, maneta tumau, photochromic, fa'alogoina leo, fa'asa'o mu, fa'aola-le-tagata, ma isi., o lo'o i ai fa'amoemoega tau atina'e lautele.
I le lumana'i, o le vaega o mea tu'ufa'atasiga fa'atino o le a sili atu nai lo mea fa'apipi'i fa'atulagaina ma avea ma fa'avae autu o le atina'eina o mea tu'ufa'atasi..
O le suʻesuʻega o mea faʻapipiʻi i le lumanaʻi o le a taulaʻi tele i nanocomposites, mea tu'ufa'atasi bionic, ma le atinaʻeina o multifunctional, atamai ma atamai mea tu'ufa'atasi.
O mea tau si'osi'omaga na tu'uina mai i le tulaga o le silafia e tagata o le taua taua o le puipuiga o le si'osi'omaga ma le si'osi'omaga ma le mea moni o lo'o uia e atunu'u o le lalolagi le ala o atina'e gafataulimaina..
O se tulaga le maalofia i le atinaʻeina o mea faʻasaienisi ma suʻesuʻega inisinia i totonu ma fafo.
E masani ona talitonuina o mea tau siʻosiʻomaga o mea ia e lelei le faʻatinoga ma faʻamanuiaina i le faʻamaopoopoina lelei o le siosiomaga..
O uiga o lenei ituaiga mea e faʻaitiitia ai punaoa ma le malosi, e itiiti se filogia i le si'osi'omaga ma le si'osi'omaga, e maualuga lona fua faatatau toe fa'aaogaina, ma e ogatasi ma le si'osi'omaga si'osi'omaga i le taamilosaga atoa o le olaga mai le gaosiga o meafaitino, fa'aoga, lafoai i le toe fa'aaogaina ma le toe fa'aaogaina.
Aemaise lava e aofia ai: mea e fetaui ma le siosiomaga, e pei o mea masani mama (fafie, maa, ma isi.), meafaitino (ponaivi faufau, totoga faufau, ma isi.), mea lanu meamata afifi (ato afifi lanu meamata, pusa afifi), mea faufale si'osi'omaga (mea teuteu e le oona, ma isi.); mea e faaleagaina ai le siosiomaga (palasitika biodegradable, ma isi.); mea tau inisinia siosiomaga, e pei o mea e fa'aleleia ai le siosiomaga, mea e fa'amamaina ai le siosiomaga (sieves mole, mea faamama ion), isi mea tau siosiomaga (mea fa'apipi'i fa'amama tagamea e leai se phosphorus), ma isi.
O nofoaga autu o suʻesuʻega ma faʻatonuga o atinaʻe o mea tau siʻosiʻomaga e aofia ai le mamanu o polymers toe faʻaaogaina. (palasitika), le faiga fa'ata'ita'i o meafaitino su'esu'ega fa'amaopoopo si'osi'omaga, ma faiga fou, tekinolosi fou ma auala fou e faʻaitiitia ai le uta o mea tau le siosiomaga.
Biomedical material o se ituaiga fou o mea faʻatekonolosi maualuga e faʻaaogaina e faʻamaonia ai, togafitia pe sui aano o le tagata ma totoga po'o le fa'aleleia o latou galuega.
O latou o se matata fou ma atina'e i meafaitino faasaienisi ma tekinolosi.
E le gata ina maualuga mea fa'apitoa fa'apitoa ma taua tau tamaoaiga, ae e vavalalata foi i le ola ma le soifua maloloina o gasegase. I aso ua mavae 10 tausaga, le maketi mo mea biomedical ma oloa ua faatumauina se fua faatatau tuputupu aʻe e tusa 20%.
Biomedical Materials
E vaevaeina mea faʻaola i mea faʻasoifua maloloina, mea tau polymer faafomai, bioceramic material ma biomedical composite material e tusa ai ma meafaitino ma meatotino.
Metala, keramika, polymers ma a latou mea tu'ufa'atasi o mea ia e sili ona fa'aaogaina fa'aolaola.
E tusa ai ma le talosaga, e mafai ona vaevaeina mea fa'alesoifua maloloina i mea fa'aleagaina ma mea e mafai ona fa'afefe, mea fa'ainisinia i'a ma totoga fa'apitoa, mea fa'asa'o fa'atonu, meafaitino atamai bionic, ma isi.
O le su'esu'ega ma le atina'e o fa'atonuga o mea fa'alesoifua maloloina e masani lava:
I le ogatotonu o le 1980s, na fa'atuina e tagata le manatu o mea atamai (Smart Materials po'o le Intelligent Material System): O mea atamai fa'ata'ita'i faiga fa'aola, e mafai ona lagona suiga o le siosiomaga ma suia se tasi pe sili atu o latou lava taʻaloga faʻatinoga i le taimi moni, ma fai mea tu'ufa'atasi mana'omia po'o mea tu'ufa'atasi e mafai ona fa'afetaui i le si'osi'omaga ua suia.
O meafaitino atamai o se faiga faʻalavelave faʻapitoa e tuʻufaʻatasia mea ma fausaga, atamai faiga, faiga fa'atino, faiga fa'atonutonu ma masini fa'alogo.
O lona mamanu ma le tu'ufa'atasiga e fa'atatau i le toetoe lava o a'oa'oga maualuluga uma.
O mea fa'avae fa'avae o lo'o fausia ai mea atamai e aofia ai mea piezoelectric, fa'ailoga mea e manatua ai, filo opitika, eletise-(maneta-)vai inu rheological, mea magnetostrictive ma mea polymer atamai.
O le tulaʻi mai o mea atamai o le a aumaia ai le tagata soifua i se maualuga fou, ae o loo mamao lava mai le tulaga faatino.
O fa'atatauga su'esu'ega i le lumana'i e aofia ai vaega nei e ono:
O mea faufale e fa'atatau i mea fa'ainisinia ma mea fa'ainisinia e fai ma vaega autu.
O mea ia e sili ona fa'aaogaina i le tamaoaiga o le atunu'u.
Mai mea e mana’omia i aso uma, fale i taavale, vaalele, satelite ma roketi, e maua uma lava o latou foliga, lapopoa ma le malosi e ala i nisi ituaiga o fausaga fausaga.
O mea fa'aleaganu'u e pei o u'amea ma u'amea e le fa'alavalava e aofia i lenei vaega.
O mea faufale maualuga e masani ona faasino i mea faufale e maualuga atu mea tau masini e pei ole malosi, maaa, palasitika ma faigata, ma fetuutuunai i manaoga faapitoa o le siosiomaga.
E aofia ai mea fou uamea, maualuga-faatinoga fausaga sima mea ma mea polymer.
O nofoaga autu o suʻesuʻega i le taimi nei e aofia ai: u'amea vevela maualuga, fou alumini alumini ma fa'amea fa'agata magnesium, maualuga-vevela mea fau sima faufale ma polymer alloys.
O mea aoga e faʻatatau i mea e faʻaalia ai mea faʻapitoa e pei o le eletise, maneta, malamalama, biology ma kemisi fa'aopoopo i mea tau masini.
E faaopoopo atu i faamatalaga, malosi, nano, biomedical ma isi mea na fa'alauiloaina muamua, mea faigaluega fou e masani ona aofia ai mea superconducting vevela maualuga, mea maneta, ata tifaga taimane, mea aoga polymer, ma isi.
O nofoaga autu o suʻesuʻega i le taimi nei e aofia ai: nano-mea aoga, nanocrystalline seasea eleele maneta tumau ma eleele seasea hydrogen teuina mea alloy, tele mea amorphous, mea maualuga-vevela superconducting, mea fa'amea fa'agata manatua fa'amaneta, mea maneta polymer, tekinolosi sauniuni ata taimane, ma isi.
O mea fou vaila'au o mea masani ia e fa'aaogaina i le fanua o alamanuia kemikolo, suauu, ma isi., e masani lava e aofia ai mea faʻaola fluorine, mea fa'ameaola silikoni, alava maualuga, nano-kemisi mea, mea fa'aogaina fa'aletino, ma isi.
Nano-kemisi mea ma mea faʻapitoa vailaʻau faʻapitoa sa avea ma nofoaga autu o suʻesuʻega i tausaga talu ai nei.
O mea fa'alumaina sima e fa'atatau i oloa e sili ona lelei le fa'atinoga na faia mai le fa'amama maualuga-mama, ultra-fine inorganic compounds e pei o mea mata ma tekinolosi faagasologa sauniuniga alualu i luma.
E tusa ai ma manaoga o tekinolosi inisinia mo le faatinoga o oloa, o oloa gaosi e mafai ona maua piezoelectric, ferroelectric, fa'atonu, semiconductor, maneta, ma isi. pe iai ni mea e sili ona lelei e pei o le malosi maualuga, maaa maualuga, maualuga maaa, ofuina tete'e, tetee a'a, maualuga le vevela tetee, conductivity vevela maualuga, insulation po'o lelei biocompatibility.
Mea fa'amea fa'alumaina sima
E masani ona vaevaeina mea fa'alumaina sima i ni vaega se tolu: sima faufale, mea fa'apipi'i fa'avae sima ma sima aoga.
Ole tele o sima fa'aoga e fa'aaogaina lautele ile alamanuia fa'aeletonika ma e masani fo'i ona ta'ua o mea fa'aeletonika sima.
E pei o mea insulating sima, mea fa'apipi'i sima, mea fa'apipi'i sima fa'aaogaina e gaosia ai meataalo, ma capacitor ceramics, keramika piezoelectric, ferrite mea fa'amaneta fa'aaogaina e gaosia ai masini fa'aeletoroni.
O nofoaga autu o suʻesuʻega o loʻo iai nei e aofia ai le faʻamalosia ma le faʻamalosia o tekonolosi o mea sima, o le sauniuniga ma le fa'atekonolosi fa'atekonolosi o mea nano-ceramic, le mamanu o faiga sima fausaga maualuluga, ma le maualuga tulaga tutusa ma ultra-fine tekinolosi o mea eletise eletise.
O mea faufale fou e masani lava ona aofia ai mea fou puipui, mea fau fale kemisi, mea fou fa'alumaina vevela, mea teuteu fale, ma isi.
Faatasi ai ma i latou, mea fau fale vaila'au e aofia ai palasitika faufale, fau fale, fale e le susu, mea e faamau ai, mea fa'amama fa'amama, mea fa'amama leo, keramika faapitoa, fa'apipi'i fale, ma isi., o mea faufale fou ia o le a taulaʻi i ai loʻu atunuu i le atinaʻeina i le taimi o le "15th Five-Year Plan".
Fa'amatalaga mea fou: O mea fou e faʻatatau i mea na aliaʻe pe ua uma ona atiaʻe ma o loʻo i ai meatotino sili ona lelei ma galuega faʻapitoa e leai ni mea masani..
E leai se tuaoi manino i le va o mea fou ma mea masani.
O mea fou e fausia i luga o le faavae o mea masani.
O mea fa'aleaganu'u e mafai ona atia'e e avea ma mea fou e ala i le fa'aleleia atili o le fatuga, fausaga, mamanu ma faʻagasologa e faʻaleleia ai le faʻatinoga o meafaitino poʻo le i ai o ni meatotino fou.
O mea fou ua vaevaeina i ni vaega se fa e tusa ai ma le fa'atulagaina o le fausaga, e aofia ai mea uamea, mea fa'aletino e le u'amea, mea fa'ameaola polymer, ma mea fa'apipi'i maualuluga.
E tusa ai ma le faatinoga o meafaitino, o loʻo iai mea faʻavae ma mea faʻaoga.
E tusa ai ma le faʻaogaina ma meatotino o mea fou, o le "China New Materials Products and Technology Guidance Catalogue" e vaevaeina ai oloa fou i le silia ma le sefulu matā'upu fa'apitoa fa'apitoa., e aofia ai mea fou uamea, mea fau fale fou, mea fou kemikolo, mea fa'amatalaga fa'aeletoroni, mea fa'asoifua maloloina, mea fou malosi, nano ma mea efuefu, mea fou tu'ufa'atasi, mea fou e le masani ai, mea fa'amea sima maualuga, mea fou kaponi, mea fou saunia tekinolosi ma meafaigaluega.
1 Fa'amatalaga fa'aeletonika
2 Mea fou fa'asao malosi
3 Nanomaterials
4 Mea fa'apipi'i maualuluga
Alava tioata, aramid, carbide silikoni, kalafi, alava boron, alava uamea, 'ava, mea gaosia fa'alavalava, fa'avae resini, fa'avae uamea, mea fa'apipi'i fa'avae sima, carbon/carbon composite meafaitino, lau carbide , mea fe'ai, mea tu'ufa'atasi
5 O mea u'amea maualuluga
6 Mea fou kemikolo
silikoni faʻaola, fuala'au fluorine, fa'ainisinia palasitika ma palasitika palasitika, pa'u fa'apitoa, filo faapitoa, fa'apipi'i fa'apitoa, pusaaisa, oloa tau vailaau lelei
7 Mea fa'amea fa'alumaina sima
Ceramic aoga (microwave, ceramic dielectric vaega faaeletonika , piezoelectric, ma'ale'ale, manino) sima faufale (lagomeli, fa'alavalava, maualuga le vevela, maaa maualuga, ufiufi, sima fa'avae tu'ufa'atasi)
8 Mea e le masani ai
eleele e seasea mama maualuga, mea fa'aopoopo, fa'aoso, maneta tumau, malamalama, teuina o le hydrogen
9 Mea fa'amaneta
Mea maneta vaivai, maneta tumau, mea e pu'e maneta, masini maneta
10 Mea kaponi
Kaponi fa'agaoioia, kaponi uliuli, taimane, kalafi, alava kaponi
11 Membrane mea
Fa'amama solo (pa'u oona, pa'u oona), ata tifaga aoga (opitika, insulation)
12 Superconducting meafaitino
Sauniuniga ma le fa'aogaina o tekonolosi o uaea fa'atino fa'atino, poloka, ma ata tifaga.
13 Mea fa'afoma'i
Totoina, mea faufau, faamama toto, suisui
14 Mea tau si'osi'omaga ma le si'osi'omaga
Mea fa'ainisinia fa'alesiosiomaga, afifi lanu meamata, mea fa'aleagaina, isi mea tau siosiomaga
15 Mea fou faufale
Mea fa'amama fa'avela, sima maualuga-malosi, meamata faufale si'osi'omaga
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