Inkcazo kunye nokuhlelwa kwezinto ezintsha: New materials refer to those materials that have just appeared or are already developing and have excellent properties and special functions that traditional materials do not have. Akukho mda ocacileyo phakathi kwezinto ezintsha kunye nezinto zemveli. Izinto ezintsha ziphuhliswa ngesiseko sezinto zemveli.
Zichazwa kwaye zihlelwe njani izixhobo ezitsha? Makhe siqale sijonge inkcazo yezinto ezintsha:
Izinto ezitsha zibhekiselele kwezo zinto ziye zavela okanye sele ziphuhliswa kwaye zineepropati ezintle kunye nemisebenzi ekhethekileyo engenazo izinto zendabuko. Akukho mda ocacileyo phakathi kwezinto ezintsha kunye nezinto zemveli. Izinto ezintsha ziphuhliswa ngesiseko sezinto zemveli. Izinto zemveli zingaphuhliswa zibe yimathiriyeli emitsha ngokuphuculwa kokuqulunqwa, isakhiwo, uyilo kunye nenkqubo yokuphucula ukusebenza kwezinto okanye ube neempawu ezintsha.
Inkcazo kunye nokuhlelwa kwezinto ezintsha
Njengesiseko kunye nesandulela se-high-tech, izixhobo ezintsha zinoluhlu olubanzi kakhulu lwezicelo. Kunye neteknoloji yolwazi kunye ne-biotechnology, ziye zaba zezona nkalo zibalulekileyo nezithembisayo kule nkulungwane yama-21. Njengezinto zemveli, imathiriyeli emitsha inokuhlelwa ngokweembono ezininzi ezahlukeneyo ezifana nokwakheka kwesakhiwo, umsebenzi kunye nendawo yesicelo. Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zidibene kwaye zifakwe kwindlwane. Ngoku, imathiriyeli entsha yahlulahlulwe ngokubanzi kwezi nkalo ziphambili zilandelayo ngokwemimandla yesicelo kunye neendawo zophando lwangoku:
Izixhobo zolwazi lwe-elektroniki, izixhobo ezintsha zamandla, i-nanomaterials, izixhobo ezidityanisiweyo eziphambili, izixhobo zeceramic eziphambili, imathiriyeli yokusingqongileyo, izinto ezintsha zokusebenza (kubandakanywa izinto eziphezulu zokushisa eziphezulu, izixhobo zemagnethi, iifilimu zedayimani, izixhobo zepolymer ezisebenzayo, njl.), izixhobo ze-biomedical, izinto zokwakha eziphezulu zokusebenza, izinto ezikrelekrele, isakhiwo esitsha kunye neekhemikhali zemathiriyeli entsha, njl.
Izixhobo zolwazi lwe-elektroniki zibhekisa kwizinto ezisetyenziswa kwimimandla ye-microelectronics, itekhnoloji ye-optoelectronic kunye neemveliso ezisisiseko zecandelo elitsha, ubukhulu becala kubandakanywa imathiriyeli ye-semiconductor microelectronic emelwe yisilicon enye yecrystal; izinto ze-optoelectronic ezimelwe ziikristale ze-laser; izixhobo ze-elektroniki ze-ceramic ezimelwe yi-dielectric ceramics kunye ne-thermosensitive ceramics; izinto zemagneti ezimelwe yi-neodymium iron boron (NdFeB) izixhobo ezisisigxina umazibuthe; izixhobo zonxibelelwano lwefiber optical; izinto zokugcina idatha ngokuyintloko ngokusekelwe kugcino lwamagnetic kunye nokugcinwa kwedisk optical; iikristale ze-piezoelectric kunye nezixhobo zefilimu ezincinci; izinto zebhetri eziluhlaza ezimelwe yi-hydrogen izinto zokugcina kunye nezinto zokufakela i-lithium ion, njl. Ezi zinto zisisiseko kunye neemveliso zazo zixhasa uphuhliso lwamashishini olwazi anamhlanje afana nonxibelelwano, iikhompyutha, izixhobo zolwazi kunye netekhnoloji yenethiwekhi.
Intsingiselo yophuhliso ngokubanzi lwemathiriyeli yolwazi lwe-elektroniki ibhekisa kubungakanani obukhulu, ukufana okuphezulu, ingqibelelo ephezulu, kunye nefilimu encinci, imisebenzi emininzi kunye nokudibanisa. Iindawo zophando lwangoku kunye nemida yetekhnoloji ibandakanya isizukulwana sesithathu semiconductor imathiriyeli emelwe yi-wide-bandgap semiconductor imathiriyeli efana ne-flexible transistors., iikristale photonic, iikristale photonic, SiC, GaN, ZnSe, izinto zokubonisa eziphilayo, kunye nezixhobo ezahlukeneyo ze-nanoelectronic.
Amandla amatsha kunye nobuchwephesha bamandla acocekileyo ahlaziyiweyo yenye yezona ndawo zintlanu zithatha isigqibo sobuchule kuphuhliso loqoqosho lwehlabathi kwinkulungwane yama-21.. Amandla amatsha aquka amandla aphambili afana namandla elanga, amandla e-biomass, amandla enyukliya, amandla omoya, amandla e-geothermal, amandla olwandle, kunye namandla e-hydrogen kwimithombo yamandla yesibini. Izixhobo zamandla amatsha zibhekisa kwizinto eziphambili ezisetyenziselwa ukuqonda inguqu kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla amatsha kunye nophuhliso lwetekhnoloji yamandla amatsha.. Ngokukodwa zibandakanya izinto zebhetri ze-nickel-hydrogen ezimelwe yi-hydrogen yokugcina i-electrode alloy materials, izinto zebhetri ze-lithium-ion ezimelwe yi-lithium-carbon negative electrode kunye ne-LiCoO2 i-electrodes efanelekileyo, izixhobo zeseli zamafutha, imathiriyeli yeseli yelanga emelwe yimathiriyeli yeSi semiconductor, kunye nezixhobo ze-reactor zamandla enyukliya ezimelwe yiuranium, deuterium, kunye ne-tritium.
Iindawo zophando lwangoku kunye nemida yetekhnoloji ibandakanya izinto zokugcina amandla e-hydrogen aphezulu, izixhobo zebhetri yepolymer, ubushushu obuphakathi-oluqilima oxide iseli fuel izixhobo electrolyte, kunye ne-polycrystalline thin-film yezixhobo zeseli yelanga.
I-Nanomatadium ligama eliqhelekileyo le-zero-dimensional, one-dimensional, inamacala amabini, kunye nemathiriyeli enemigangatho emithathu eneziphumo zobungakanani obuncinci ezenziwe ngamasuntswana e-ultrafine kunye nobukhulu obungaphantsi kwe-100nm (0.1-100nm). Ingqikelelo ye-nanomaterials yenziwa phakathi kwe-1980s. Ekubeni i-nanomaterials ibonisa i-optical ekhethekileyo, zombane, kazibuthe, thermal, oomatshini, kunye neempawu zoomatshini, I-nanotechnology iye yangena ngokukhawuleza kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zemathiriyeli kwaye ibe ngumxholo oshushu kwihlabathi langoku lophando lwezenzululwazi.. Ngokwesimo somzimba, I-nanomaterials inokwahlulwa ngokufanelekileyo ngokweendidi ezintlanu: iinanopowders, iinanofibers, nanofilms, iinanoblocks, kunye nolwelo olwahlulwe nge-nanophase. Nangona i-nanomaterials esele yenziwe kwimizi-mveliso ubukhulu becala zizinto ze-nanopowder ezifana ne-calcium carbonate, ikhabhoni emhlophe emnyama, kunye ne-zinc oxide, kwaye abanye ngokusisiseko basekwinqanaba lokuqala lophando lwelebhu, kunye nesicelo esikhulu kulindeleke ukuba sibe 5-10 kwiminyaka kamva, akukho mathandabuzo ukuba i-nanotechnology emelwe yi-nanomaterials iya kuba nefuthe elibi kuphuhliso lwezoqoqosho nentlalo yekhulu lama-21..
Iindawo zophando lwangoku kunye nemida yetekhnoloji ibandakanya: izinto ze-nano-assembly ezimelwe yi-carbon nanotubes; izinto eziphezulu ze-nanostructured ezifana ne-nano-ceramics kunye ne-nano-composites; uyilo kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwezinto zokugqoka i-nano-coating; ukuphuhliswa kwezixhobo ze-nano-electronic ezifana ne-electron-transistors enye, nano-lasers kunye nano-switshi, kunye ne-C60 ye-ultra-high-high-density information storage materials.
Iimathiriyeli ezihlanganisiweyo zizixhobo ezinezigaba ezibini nangaphezulu ezenziwe ngezinto ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu ezineempawu ezahlukeneyo ngokudityaniswa komzimba kunye neekhemikhali.. Olu hlobo lwezinto eziphathekayo alunamsebenzi ongcono kunayo nayiphi na into enye ekuqulunqweni, kodwa ineempawu ezizodwa ezingenazo iinxalenye zodwa.
Izinto ezihlanganisiweyo zinokwahlulwa zibe ngamacandelo amabini ngokokusetyenziswa kwazo: izinto ezidityanisiweyo zesakhiwo kunye nezixhobo ezisebenzayo. Izinto ezidityanisiweyo zesakhiwo zisetyenziswa ikakhulu njengezinto zokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo zokuthwala. Ziqulunqwe ngamacandelo okuqiniswa okukwazi ukuthwala imithwalo (njengeglasi, iiseramikhi, ikhabhoni, iipholima, iintsimbi, imicu yendalo, amalaphu, amabhovu, amaphepha kunye namasuntswana, njl.) kunye namacandelo e-matrix anokudibanisa ukuqiniswa ukwenza yonke into kunye nokudlulisa amandla (njenge-resin, intsimbi, iiseramikhi, iglasi, ikhabhoni kunye nesamente, njl.). Izinto zokwakha zihlala zihlulwe zibe yi-polymer-based composites, imidibaniso esekwe ngesinyithi, iikompositi ezisekelwe kwi-ceramic, i-carbon-based composite kunye ne-cement-based composites ngokwematriki ezahlukeneyo. Izinto ezisebenzayo zibhekisa kwizinto ezidityanisiweyo ezibonelela ngezinye izinto ezibonakalayo, ikhemikhali, iipropathi zebhayoloji kunye nezinye ukongeza kwiipropati zomatshini. Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zezinto ezidibeneyo, kuquka piezoelectric, conductive, i-radar stealth, umazibuthe osisigxina, photochromic, ukufunxa isandi, ukunqanda amadangatye, bio-self-absorption, njl., ezinamathuba abanzi ophuhliso. Kwilixa elizayo, Umyinge wezinto ezisebenzayo ezihlanganisiweyo ziya kudlula ezo zemathiriyeli yolwakhiwo kwaye ibe yeyona nto iphambili yophuhliso lwemathiriyeli edibeneyo.. Ulwalathiso lophando lwezinto ezidibeneyo kwixesha elizayo luya kugxininisa kakhulu kwii-nanocomposites, izinto ezidibeneyo ze-bionic, kunye nophuhliso lwemisebenzi emininzi, izixhobo ezidibeneyo ezihlakaniphileyo nezikrelekrele.
Imathiriyeli ye-Eco-esingqongileyo yacetywa kumxholo wolwazi lwabantu ngokubaluleka kwesicwangciso esibalulekileyo sokhuseleko lwendalo kunye nokusingqongileyo kunye nenyaniso yokuba amazwe kwihlabathi liphela athatha indlela yophuhliso oluzinzileyo.. Ziyindlela engenakuthintelwa kuphuhliso lwesayensi yezinto kunye nophando lobunjineli ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe. Kukholelwa ngokubanzi ukuba imathiriyeli ye-eco-indalo zizinto ezisebenza ngokwanelisayo kwaye zinikwe ulungelelwaniso olugqwesileyo lokusingqongileyo..
Iimpawu zolu hlobo lwezinto eziphathekayo kukuba ludla izixhobo ezincinci kunye namandla, inongcoliseko oluncinci kwi-ikholoji kunye nokusingqongileyo, inezinga eliphezulu lokurisayikilisha, kwaye iyahambelana nemekobume ye-ikholoji kuwo wonke umjikelo wobomi ukusuka kwimveliso yemathiriyeli, sebenzisa, ukulahlwa ekusetyenzisweni kwakhona nasekusetyenzisweni kwakhona. Ikakhulu ibandakanya: izinto ezihambelana nokusingqongileyo, njengezinto ezicocekileyo zendalo (iinkuni, ilitye, njl.), izixhobo ze-biomimetic (amathambo okwenziwa, amalungu okwenziwa, njl.), izinto zokupakisha eziluhlaza (iingxowa zokupakisha eziluhlaza, izitya zokupakisha), izixhobo zokwakha eziphilayo (izinto zokuhombisa ezingenayo inetyhefu, njl.); izinto ezonakaliswa kokusingqongileyo (iiplastiki ezinokubola, njl.); izixhobo zobunjineli bokusingqongileyo, ezifana nemathiriyeli yokubuyisela indalo esingqongileyo, izinto zokucocwa kokusingqongileyo (iisefu zemolekyuli, izixhobo ze-ion zesefo), izixhobo ezizezinye zokusingqongileyo (izongezo zokuhlamba iimpahla zokuhlamba iimpahla ezine-phosphorus), njl.
Iindawo zophando kunye nezalathiso zophuhliso lwemathiriyeli yokusingqongileyo ibandakanya uyilo lweepolymers eziphinda zisetyenziswe. (iiplastiki), inkqubo yethiyori yovavanyo lolungelelwaniso lokusingqongileyo, kunye neenkqubo ezintsha, itekhnoloji entsha kunye neendlela ezintsha zokunciphisa umthwalo wokusingqongileyo wezinto.
Izinto ze-Biomedical luhlobo olutsha lwezixhobo eziphezulu zobugcisa ezisetyenziselwa ukuxilonga, banyange okanye batshintshe iithishu kunye namalungu okanye baphucule imisebenzi yabo. Balicandelo elitsha neliphuhlayo kwisayensi yezixhobo kunye netekhnoloji. Abanayo kuphela umxholo ophezulu wezobugcisa kunye nexabiso lezoqoqosho, kodwa zikwanxulumene ngokusondeleyo nobomi kunye nempilo yezigulana. Mandulo 10 iminyaka, Imarike yezinto eziphilayo kunye neemveliso ziye zagcina izinga lokukhula malunga 20%.
Izinto zeBiomedical
Izinto ze-Biomedical zohlulwe kwizinto zetsimbi zonyango, izixhobo zepolymer zonyango, imathiriyeli ye-bioceramic kunye ne-biomedical composite imathiriyeli ngokokwakheka kwezinto kunye neempawu. Iintsimbi, iiseramikhi, iipolymers kunye nezixhobo zabo ezidibeneyo zezona zinto zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-biomedical materials. Ngokwesicelo, imathiriyeli ye-biomedical inokohlulwa ibe yimathiriyeli eyonakaliswayo nenokufunxa, izinto zobunjineli zezicubu kunye namalungu okwenziwa, izinto zokukhululwa ezilawulwayo, izinto ezikrelekrele zebionic, njl.
Izalathiso zophando kunye nophuhliso lwemathiriyeli ye-biomedical ubukhulu becala:
Phakathi kwiminyaka yee-1980, abantu bacebise ingqikelelo yemathiriyeli ekrelekrele (IiMathiriyeli ezihlakaniphile okanye iNkqubo yeMpahla enoBukrelekrele): Izixhobo ezihlakaniphile zixelisa iinkqubo zobomi, banokubona utshintsho lwemo engqongileyo kwaye batshintshe enye okanye ezininzi zeeparamitha zabo zokusebenza ngexesha lokwenyani, kunye nokwenza izinto ezinqwenelekayo ezidityanisiweyo okanye izinto ezidityanisiweyo ezinokuziqhelanisa nemeko-bume etshintshileyo.
Izinto ezihlakaniphile ziyinkqubo yezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi edibanisa izinto kunye nezakhiwo, processing ngobukrelekrele, iinkqubo zokwenziwa, iinkqubo zokulawula kunye neenkqubo zoluvo. Uyilo lwayo kunye ne-synthesis span phantse zonke iinkalo zobugcisa obuphezulu. Izinto ezisisiseko zemathiriyeli ezenza izinto ezikrelekrele ziquka izixhobo zepiezoelectric, iimathiriyeli zenkumbulo yokumila, iintsinga zamehlo, i-electro-(imagneto-)ulwelo rheological, izixhobo zemagneti kunye nemathiriyeli ehlakaniphile yepolymer.
Ukuvela kwezinto ezihlakaniphile kuya kuzisa impucuko yabantu kwindawo entsha, kodwa kusekho umgama othile ukusuka kwinqanaba elisebenzayo.
Ujoliso lophando lwexesha elizayo lubandakanya le miba mithandathu ilandelayo:
Izinto zokwakha zibhekisa kwizinto zobunjineli ezineempawu zomatshini njengeyona nto iphambili. Zizona zinto zisetyenziswa kakhulu kuqoqosho lwelizwe. Kwiimfuno zemihla ngemihla, izakhiwo ukuya ezimotweni, iinqwelomoya, iisathelayithi kunye neerokethi, bonke bafumana ukumila kwabo, Ubungakanani kunye namandla ngokusebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lwesakhelo sesakhiwo. Izinto zemveli ezifana nentsimbi kunye neentsimbi ezingasebenziyo zikolu didi. Izinto zokwakha ezikumgangatho ophezulu ngokubanzi zibhekisa kwizinto zokwakha ezineempawu eziphezulu zoomatshini njengamandla, ubulukhuni, iplastiki kunye nokuqina, kunye nokuziqhelanisa neemfuno ezikhethekileyo zokusingqongileyo. Ziquka izinto ezintsha zetsimbi, izinto eziphezulu ze-ceramic zesakhiwo kunye nezixhobo zepolymer.
Iindawo zophando lwangoku zibandakanya: i-alloys ezinobushushu obuphezulu, entsha ialloys aluminiyam kunye ne-magnesium alloys, ubushushu obuphezulu bezinto ze-ceramic zesakhiwo kunye ne-polymer alloys.
Izinto ezisebenzayo zibhekisela kwizinto ezibonisa iimpawu ezikhethekileyo ezifana nombane, umazibuthe, ukukhanya, ibhayoloji kunye nekhemistri ukongeza kwiipropati zomatshini. Ukongeza kulwazi, amandla, nano, I-biomedical kunye nezinye izinto eziye zaziswa ngaphambili, izinto ezintsha ezisebenzayo ikakhulu zibandakanya izinto eziphezulu zobushushu obuphezulu, izixhobo zemagnethi, iifilimu zedayimani, izixhobo zepolymer ezisebenzayo, njl.
Iindawo zophando lwangoku zibandakanya: izinto ezisebenzayo ze-nano, i-nanocrystalline enqabileyo yomhlaba iimagnethi ezisisigxina kunye nomhlaba onqabileyo we-hydrogen yokugcina izinto ze-alloy, izinto ezininzi amorphous, izixhobo eziphezulu zobushushu obuphezulu, iimathiriyeli ingxubevange yenkumbulo imilo magnetic, izixhobo zepolymer magnetic, iteknoloji yokulungiselela ifilimu yedayimani, njl.
Imathiriyeli emitsha yeekhemikhali zizinto ezisisiseko ezisetyenziswa kwimimandla yoshishino lweekhemikhali, i-petroleum, njl., ikakhulu kuquka imathiriyeli organic fluorine, izinto ze-silicon eziphilayo, iintsinga eziphezulu zokusebenza, izixhobo ze-nano-chemical, imathiriyeli esebenzayo ye-inorganic, njl. Izixhobo ze-nano-chemicals kunye neekhemikhali ezikhethekileyo zokugquma ziye zaba ziindawo zophando kwiminyaka yakutshanje.
Izixhobo ze-ceramic ezikumgangatho ophezulu zibhekisa kwiimveliso ezinomsebenzi ogqwesileyo owenziwe ngokusulungekiswa okuphezulu, Iikhompawundi ze-inorganic ze-ultra-fine njengemathiriyeli ekrwada kunye netekhnoloji yenkqubo yokulungiselela ephucukileyo. Ngokweemfuno zobuchwephesha bobunjineli bokusebenza kwemveliso, iimveliso ezenziweyo zinokuba ne-piezoelectric, i-ferroelectric, conductive, isemiconductor, kazibuthe, njl. okanye ube neepropathi ezigqwesileyo ezifana namandla aphezulu, ubunzima obuphezulu, ubunzima obuphezulu, nxiba ukumelana, ukumelana nomhlwa, ukumelana nobushushu obuphezulu, high conductivity thermal, ukugquma okanye ukuhambelana kakuhle kwezinto eziphilayo.
Izinto ze-ceramic eziphezulu
Izinto ze-ceramic ezikumgangatho ophezulu zihlulwe ngokubanzi zibe ziindidi ezintathu: iiseramics zesakhiwo, Izixhobo ezihlanganisiweyo ezisekelwe kwi-ceramic kunye neekeramics ezisebenzayo. Uninzi lweeseramics ezisebenzayo zisetyenziswa kakhulu kushishino lwe-elektroniki kwaye zikwabizwa ngokuba yimathiriyeli ye-elektroniki ye-ceramic. Ezinje nge-ceramic insulating materials, izixhobo ze-ceramic substrate, izinto zokupakisha zeceramic ezisetyenziselwa ukwenza iitshiphusi, kunye ne-capacitor ceramics, iiseramikhi piezoelectric, izinto zemagneti zeferrite ezisetyenziselwa ukwenza izixhobo zombane.
Iindawo zophando lwangoku zibandakanya ukomeleza kunye nokuqina kwetekhnoloji yezinto zeceramic, iteknoloji yokulungiselela kunye nokudibanisa izinto ze-nano-ceramic, uyilo lweenkqubo eziphambili ze-ceramic ye-ceramic, kunye nokufana okuphezulu kunye nobuchwephesha be-ultra-fine bezinto ze-elektroniki ze-ceramic.
Izinto ezintsha zokwakha ziquka izixhobo ezitsha zodonga, izinto zokwakha imichiza, izinto ezintsha zokufakelwa kwe-thermal, izinto zokwakha zokuhombisa, njl. Phakathi kwabo, izinto zokwakha iikhemikhali ziquka iiplastiki zokwakha, izakhiwo zokwaleka, ukwakha ukuthintela amanzi, izinto zokutywina, izinto zokufakelwa kwe-thermal, izixhobo zokugquma isandi, iiseramikhi ezikhethekileyo, izakhiwo zokuncamathelisa, njl., ezi zizixhobo zokwakha ezintsha ilizwe lam eliza kugxila ekuziphuhliseni ngexesha “leSicwangciso seMinyaka emiHlanu ye-15”.
Inkcazo entsha yezinto: Izinto ezitsha zibhekiselele kwezo zinto ziye zavela okanye sele ziphuhliswa kwaye zineepropati ezintle kunye nemisebenzi ekhethekileyo engenazo izinto zendabuko. Akukho mda ocacileyo phakathi kwezinto ezintsha kunye nezinto zemveli. Izinto ezintsha ziphuhliswa ngesiseko sezinto zemveli. Izinto zemveli zingaphuhliswa zibe yimathiriyeli emitsha ngokuphuculwa kokuqulunqwa, isakhiwo, uyilo kunye nenkqubo yokuphucula ukusebenza kwezinto okanye ube neempawu ezintsha.
Izinto ezintsha zohlulwe zibe ziindidi ezine ngokwesakhiwo, kuquka izinto zetsimbi, imathiriyeli ye-inorganic non-metallic, izinto zepolymer eziphilayo, kunye nemathiriyeli edibeneyo ephuculweyo. Ngokokusebenza kwezinto, kukho izinto zokwakha kunye nezinto ezisebenzayo. Ngokokusetyenziswa kunye neepropati zezinto ezintsha, i "China New Materials Products and Technology Guidance Catalogue" yahlula imveliso yemathiriyeli emitsha kwiinkalo zobugcisa ezingaphezu kweshumi., kuquka izinto ezintsha zentsimbi, izixhobo zokwakha ezintsha, izixhobo ezintsha zeekhemikhali, izixhobo zolwazi lwe-elektroniki, izixhobo ze-biomedical, izixhobo ezintsha zamandla, nano kunye nomgubo izinto, imathiriyeli entsha edibeneyo, izinto ezintsha zomhlaba ezinqabileyo, izixhobo ze-ceramic eziphezulu zokusebenza, izinto ezintsha zekhabhoni, iteknoloji entsha yokulungiselela izixhobo kunye nezixhobo.
1 Izixhobo zolwazi lwe-elektroniki
2 Izinto ezintsha zokonga amandla
3 Nanomatadium
4 Izinto ezidityanisiweyo eziphezulu
Ifiber yeglasi, aramid, i-silicon carbide, igraphite, i-boron fiber, i-fiber yensimbi, amabhovu, izinto zokwenziwa zokunxiba-resistant, i-resin-based, metal-based, izinto ezenziwe nge-ceramic-based composite, Ikhabhoni/izixhobo ezidityanisiweyo zekhabhoni, iintsimbi ze-carbide , izinto zokukhuhlana, imathiriyeli edibeneyo
5 Izinto eziphucukileyo zetsimbi
6 Imathiriyeli emitsha yeekhemikhali
I-silicon yendalo, organic fluorine, iiplastiki zobunjineli kunye neengxube zeplastiki, irabha ekhethekileyo, ifayibha ekhethekileyo, ukutyabeka okukhethekileyo, ifriji, iimveliso zeekhemikhali ezilungileyo
7 Izinto ze-ceramic eziphezulu
Iiseramics ezisebenzayo (i-microwave, i-ceramic dielectric amacandelo e-elektroniki , piezoelectric, onovakalelo, elubala) iiseramics zesakhiwo (incindi yobusi, ukunxiba-resistant, ubushushu obuphezulu, ubunzima obuphezulu, ukutyabeka, i-ceramic-based composite)
8 Izinto zomhlaba ezinqabileyo
Ukucoceka okuphezulu komhlaba onqabileyo, izongezo, ii-catalysts, iimagnethi ezisisigxina, ukukhanya, ukugcinwa kwe-hydrogen
9 Izinto zemagneti
Izinto ezithambileyo zemagnethi, iimagnethi ezisisigxina, izixhobo zokurekhoda magnetic, izixhobo zemagnethi
10 Izinto zekhabhoni
Ikhabhoni esebenzayo, carbon emnyama, idayimani, igraphite, carbon fiber
11 Izinto zeMembrane
Hluza inwebu (inwebu eziphilayo, inwebu ezingaphiliyo), iifilimu ezisebenzayo (ukubona, insulating)
12 Izixhobo zeSuperconducting
Ukulungiselela kunye nosetyenziso lwetekhnoloji yeengcingo ze-superconducting ezisebenzayo, iibhloko, kunye neefilimu.
13 Izinto zeBiomedical
Ukufakelwa, iithishu ezenziweyo, ukuhluzwa kwegazi, imithungo
14 Izixhobo zendalo kunye nokusingqongileyo
Izinto zobunjineli bokusingqongileyo, ukupakishwa eluhlaza, izinto eziwohlokayo, izixhobo ezizezinye zokusingqongileyo
15 Izinto ezintsha zokwakha
Izinto zokufakelwa kwe-thermal, isamente enamandla kakhulu, izinto zokwakha eziluhlaza
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