Ukuhumusha
Hlela Ukuhumusha
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Incazelo kanye nezigaba zezinto ezintsha: New materials refer to those materials that have just appeared or are already developing and have excellent properties and special functions that traditional materials do not have. Awukho umngcele ocacile phakathi kwezinto ezintsha nezinto zendabuko. Izinto ezintsha zithuthukiswa ngesisekelo sezinto zendabuko.
Zichazwa kanjani futhi zihlukaniswe kanjani izinto ezintsha? Ake siqale sibheke incazelo yezinto ezintsha:
Izinto ezintsha zibhekisela kulezo zinto ezivelile noma esezivele zithuthuka futhi zinezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu nemisebenzi ekhethekile izinto zendabuko ezingenayo.
Awukho umngcele ocacile phakathi kwezinto ezintsha nezinto zendabuko. Izinto ezintsha zithuthukiswa ngesisekelo sezinto zendabuko.
Izinto zokwakha zendabuko zingathuthukiswa zibe izinto ezintsha ngokuthuthukiswa kokuqamba, isakhiwo, ukuklama nokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kwempahla noma ube nezakhiwo ezintsha.
Incazelo kanye nezigaba zezinto ezintsha
Njengesisekelo kanye nomanduleli we-high-tech, izinto ezintsha zinohlu olubanzi kakhulu lwezinhlelo zokusebenza.
Kanye nobuchwepheshe bolwazi kanye ne-biotechnology, baye baba imikhakha ebaluleke kakhulu nethembisayo kakhulu ekhulwini lama-21.
Njengezinto zendabuko, izinto ezintsha zingahlukaniswa ngemibono eminingi eyahlukene njengokwakheka kwesakhiwo, umsebenzi kanye nenkambu yohlelo lokusebenza.
Izinhlobo ezihlukene ziyahlanganiswa futhi zihlukaniswe. Okwamanje, izinto ezintsha zivame ukuhlukaniswa zibe izinkambu eziyinhloko ezilandelayo ngokuya ngezinkambu zezicelo kanye nezindawo ezishisayo zocwaningo lwamanje:
Izinto zolwazi lwe-elekthronikhi, izinto ezintsha zamandla, ama-nanomaterials, izinto eziphambili eziyinhlanganisela, izinto eziphambili ze-ceramic, izinto zemvelo yemvelo, izinto ezintsha zokusebenza (kufaka phakathi izinto ezisezingeni eliphezulu ze-superconducting, izinto kazibuthe, amafilimu edayimane, izinto ezisebenzayo ze-polymer, njll.), izinto ze-biomedical, izinto zokwakha ezisebenza kahle kakhulu, izinto ezihlakaniphile, isakhiwo esisha namakhemikhali izinto ezintsha, njll.
Izinto zolwazi lwe-elekthronikhi zibhekisela ezintweni ezisetshenziswa emkhakheni we-microelectronics, ubuchwepheshe be-optoelectronic kanye nemikhiqizo eyisisekelo yengxenye entsha, ikakhulukazi kufaka phakathi izinto ze-semiconductor microelectronic ezimelwe yi-silicon eyodwa yekristalu;
Optoelectronic materials represented by laser crystals; izinto zobumba ze-elekthronikhi ezimelwe yi-ceramics ye-dielectric kanye ne-thermosensitive ceramics;
Magnetic materials represented by neodymium iron boron (NdFeB) unomphela uzibuthe izinto; optical fiber zokuxhumana izinto; izinto zokugcina idatha ngokuyinhloko zisekelwe kwisitoreji samagnetic kanye nesitoreji se-optical disk;
Piezoelectric crystals and thin film materials;
Green battery materials represented by hydrogen storage materials and lithium ion embedding materials, njll.
Lezi zinto eziyisisekelo kanye nemikhiqizo yazo isekela ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni zolwazi zesimanje ezifana nezokuxhumana, amakhompyutha, izinto zikagesi zolwazi kanye nobuchwepheshe benethiwekhi.
Ingqikithi yokuthuthuka kwezinto zolwazi lwe-elekthronikhi ifinyelela kusayizi omkhulu, ukufana okuphezulu, ubuqotho obuphezulu, kanye nefilimu encane, multifunctionality kanye nokuhlanganiswa.
Izindawo zamanje zocwaningo kanye nemingcele yezobuchwepheshe ihlanganisa izinto ze-semiconductor zesizukulwane sesithathu ezimelelwe izinto ezisetshenziswayo ze-wide-bandgap semiconductor njengama-transistors aguquguqukayo., amakristalu photonic, amakristalu photonic, I-SiC, I-GaN, ZnSe, izinto zokubonisa eziphilayo, kanye nezinto ezihlukahlukene ze-nanoelectronic.
Amandla amasha kanye nobuchwepheshe bamandla ahlanzekile avuselelekayo bungenye yezinkambu ezinhlanu ezinqumayo kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni komnotho womhlaba ekhulwini lama-21..
Amandla amasha ahlanganisa amandla ayisisekelo njengamandla elanga, biomass energy, amandla enuzi, amandla omoya, amandla geothermal, amandla olwandle, kanye namandla e-hydrogen emithonjeni yamandla yesibili.
Izinto ezintsha zamandla zibhekisela ezintweni ezibalulekile ezisetshenziselwa ukufeza ukuguqulwa nokusetshenziswa kwamandla amasha kanye nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obusha bamandla..
Ngokuyinhloko zifaka izinto zebhethri le-nickel-hydrogen ezimelelwe yi-hydrogen storage electrode alloy materials, izinto zebhethri ze-lithium-ion zimelelwa ama-electrode e-lithium-carbon negative nama-electrode e-LiCoO2 positive, izinto ze-fuel cell, izinto zamaseli elanga amelwe yi-Si semiconductor materials, kanye nezinto ezisetshenziswayo zamandla enuzi ezimele i-uranium, i-deuterium, kanye ne-tritium.
Izindawo zamanje zocwaningo kanye nemingcele yezobuchwepheshe ihlanganisa izinto zokugcina i-hydrogen ezinamandla aphezulu, izinto zebhethri ze-polymer, izinga lokushisa eliphakathi nendawo eqinile ye-oxide fuel cell electrolyte materials, kanye ne-polycrystalline thin-film ye-solar cell materials.
Ama-Nanomatadium yitemu elivamile le-zero-dimensional, enohlangothi olulodwa, okubili-dimensional, kanye nezinto ezinezinhlangothi ezintathu ezinemiphumela yosayizi omncane ehlanganiswe izinhlayiya ze-ultrafine ezinosayizi ongaphansi kuka-100nm (0.1-100nm).
Umqondo wama-nanomaterials wakhiwa maphakathi nawo-1980.
Njengoba ama-nanomaterials abonisa i-optical eyingqayizivele, kagesi, kazibuthe, ezishisayo, okomshini, kanye nezakhiwo zemishini, i-nanotechnology ingene ngokushesha emikhakheni ehlukahlukene yezinto zokwakha futhi isiphenduke isihloko esishisayo emhlabeni wamanje ocwaningweni lwesayensi..
Ngokwesimo somzimba, Ama-nanomaterials angahlukaniswa cishe abe izigaba ezinhlanu: ama-nanopowder, ama-nanofibers, nanofilms, ama-nanoblocks, kanye noketshezi oluhlukaniswe yi-nanophase.
Nakuba ama-nanomaterials akhiwe ngezimboni ikakhulukazi izinto ze-nanopowder ezifana ne-calcium carbonate, i-carbon black black, kanye ne-zinc oxide, kanti abanye basesesigabeni sokuqala socwaningo selabhorethri, futhi isicelo esikhulu kulindeleke ukuba sibe 5-10 ngemva kweminyaka, akungabazeki ukuthi i-nanotechnology emelwe ama-nanomaterials izoba nomthelela omkhulu ekuthuthukisweni komnotho nezenhlalo yekhulu lama-21..
Izindawo zamanje zocwaningo kanye nemingcele yezobuchwepheshe ihlanganisa: izinto ze-nano-assembly ezimelelwe ama-carbon nanotubes; ukusebenza okuphezulu kwe-nanostructured materials njenge-nano-ceramics nama-nano-composites; ukuklama kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwezinto zokugqoka i-nano-coating;
Development of nano-electronic devices such as single-electron transistors, ama-nano-lasers nama-nano-switches, kanye ne-C60 yokugcina ulwazi olunobukhulu obuphezulu kakhulu.
Izinto ezihlanganisiwe ziyizinto ezinezigaba ezimbili noma ngaphezulu ezakhiwe ngezinto ezimbili noma ngaphezulu ezinezakhiwo ezahlukene ngokuhlanganisa ngokomzimba namakhemikhali..
Lolu hlobo lwento alugcini nje ngokuba nokusebenza okungcono kakhulu kunanoma iyiphi into eyodwa ekwakhiweni, kodwa futhi inezici eziyingqayizivele izingxenye zodwa ezingenazo.
Izinto ezihlanganisiwe zingahlukaniswa zibe izigaba ezimbili ngokuvumelana nokusetshenziswa kwazo: izinto zokwakha eziyinhlanganisela nezinto ezisebenzayo eziyinhlanganisela.
Izinto ezihlanganisiwe zesakhiwo zisetshenziswa kakhulu njengezinto zezakhiwo ezithwala imithwalo.
Zakhiwe izingxenye zokuqinisa ezikwazi ukuthwala imithwalo (njengengilazi, izitsha zobumba, ikhabhoni, ama-polymers, izinsimbi, imicu yemvelo, izindwangu, amadevu, amashidi nezinhlayiya, njll.) kanye nezingxenye ze-matrix ezingaxhuma iziqinisi ukuze zenze yonke into futhi zidlulise amandla (njenge-resin, insimbi, izitsha zobumba, ingilazi, ikhabhoni nosimende, njll.).
Izinto zokwakha zivame ukuhlukaniswa zibe izinhlanganisela ezisekelwe ku-polymer, izinhlanganisela metal-based, izinhlanganisela ezenziwe nge-ceramic, izinhlanganisela ezisekelwe kukhabhoni kanye nezinhlanganisela ezisekelwe kusimende ngokwamatrices ahlukene.
Izinto ezisebenzayo zibhekisela ezintweni eziyinhlanganisela ezihlinzeka ngokunye ngokomzimba, amakhemikhali, izinto eziphilayo kanye nezinye ngaphezu izakhiwo mechanical.
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezinto ezihlanganisiwe, kuhlanganise piezoelectric, conductive, i-radar stealth, uzibuthe unomphela, photochromic, ukumuncwa komsindo, i-flame retardant, i-bio-self-absorption, njll., anamathemba entuthuko abanzi.
Esikhathini esizayo, ingxenye yezinto ezisebenzayo ezihlanganisiwe izodlula leyo yezinto ezihlanganisiwe zesakhiwo futhi ibe inkambi yokuthuthukiswa kwezinto eziyinhlanganisela.
Isiqondiso socwaningo sezinto ezihlanganisiwe esikhathini esizayo sizogxila ikakhulukazi kuma-nanocomposites, izinto ezihlanganisiwe ze-bionic, kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwemisebenzi eminingi, izinto eziyinhlanganisela ezihlakaniphile nezihlakaniphile.
Izinto zokwakha zemvelo zahlongozwa esimweni sokuqwashisa kwabantu ngokubaluleka kwamasu okubalulekile kokuvikelwa kwemvelo nemvelo kanye neqiniso lokuthi amazwe emhlabeni jikelele athatha indlela yentuthuko esimeme..
Ziwumkhuba ongenakugwemeka ekuthuthukisweni kwesayensi yezinto zokwakha kanye nocwaningo lobunjiniyela ekhaya naphesheya.
Ngokuvamile kunenkolelo yokuthi izinto zokwakha zemvelo ziyizinto ezisebenza ngokugculisayo futhi zinikezwe ukusebenzisana okuhle kakhulu kwezemvelo..
Izici zalolu hlobo lwezinto ukuthi ludla izinsiza namandla amancane, inokungcola okuncane kwemvelo nemvelo, inezinga eliphezulu lokugaywa kabusha, futhi ihambisana nemvelo yemvelo kuwo wonke umjikelezo wempilo kusukela ekukhiqizweni kwezinto ezibonakalayo, sebenzisa, ukulahlwa ekugayweni kabusha nasekugayweni kabusha.
Ikakhulukazi zihlanganisa: izinto ezihambisana nemvelo, njengezinto ezihlanzekile zemvelo (ukhuni, itshe, njll.), izinto ze-biomimetic (amathambo okwenziwa, izitho zokwenziwa, njll.), izinto zokupakisha eziluhlaza (izikhwama zokupakisha eziluhlaza, iziqukathi zokupakisha), izinto zokwakha zemvelo (izinto zokuhlobisa ezingenabuthi, njll.); izinto ezonakaliswa imvelo (amapulasitiki angaboli, njll.); izinto zobunjiniyela bemvelo, njengezinto zokubuyisela imvelo, izinto zokuhlanza imvelo (ama-molecular sieves, izinto zesisefo se-ion), ezinye izinto zemvelo (izithasiselo zokuhlanza izingubo ezingena-phosphorus), njll.
Izindawo zocwaningo kanye nezinkombandlela zokuthuthukiswa kwezinto ezithinta imvelo zihlanganisa ukwakhiwa kwama-polymer asetshenziswe kabusha. (amapulasitiki), uhlelo lwethiyori lokuhlola ukuhlanganiswa kwemvelo, nezinqubo ezintsha, ubuchwepheshe obusha kanye nezindlela ezintsha zokunciphisa umthwalo wemvelo wezinto zokwakha.
Izinto ze-Biomedical ziwuhlobo olusha lwezinto zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu ezisetshenziselwa ukuxilonga, phatha noma shintsha izicubu nezitho zomzimba womuntu noma uthuthukise imisebenzi yazo.
Ziyinkundla entsha nesathuthuka kwezesayensi yezinto zokwakha nobuchwepheshe.
Abanakho kuphela okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nenani lezomnotho, kodwa futhi zihlobene eduze nempilo nempilo yeziguli. Esikhathini esedlule 10 iminyaka, imakethe yezinto zokwakha kanye nemikhiqizo igcine izinga lokukhula cishe 20%.
I-Biomedical Materials
Izinto ze-biomedical zihlukaniswe zibe izinto zensimbi yezokwelapha, izinto ze-polymer yezokwelapha, izinto zokwakha ze-bioceramic kanye nezinto ezihlanganisiwe ze-biomedical ngokusho kokwakheka kwezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nezakhiwo.
Izinsimbi, izitsha zobumba, ama-polymers nezinto zawo eziyinhlanganisela yizinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ze-biomedical.
Ngokwesicelo, izinto ze-biomedical zingahlukaniswa zibe izinto ezibolayo nezikwazi ukumunca, izinto zobunjiniyela bezicubu nezitho zokwenziwa, izinto zokukhululwa ezilawulwayo, izinto ezihlakaniphile ze-bionic, njll.
Izikhombisi-ndlela zocwaningo nokuthuthukiswa kwezinto ze-biomedical ikakhulukazi:
Maphakathi nawo-1980, abantu bahlongoze umqondo wezinto ezihlakaniphile (Izinto Ezihlakaniphile noma Uhlelo Lwezinto Ezihlakaniphile): Izinto ezihlakaniphile zilingisa amasistimu okuphila, bangakwazi ukuzwa izinguquko zemvelo futhi baguqule ipharamitha eyodwa noma ngaphezulu yabo yokusebenza ngesikhathi sangempela, futhi wenze izinto eziyinhlanganisela ezifiselekayo noma izinto eziyinhlanganisela ezingavumelana nemvelo eshintshile.
Izinto ezihlakaniphile ziyisistimu yezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi ehlanganisa izinto zokwakha kanye nezakhiwo, ukucubungula okuhlakaniphile, amasistimu wokwenza, lawula izinhlelo nezinhlelo zezinzwa.
Ukuklanywa kwayo kanye nokuhlanganisa kuhlanganisa cishe yonke imikhakha yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu.
Izinto eziyisisekelo ezihlanganisa izinto ezihlakaniphile zihlanganisa izinto ze-piezoelectric, izinto zokwakha inkumbulo, imicu ye-optical, i-electro-(imagneto-)uketshezi lwe-rheological, izinto ze-magnetostrictive kanye nezinto ezihlakaniphile ze-polymer.
Ukuvela kwezinto ezihlakaniphile kuzoletha impucuko yabantu endaweni ephakeme, kodwa kusekude nesigaba esisebenzayo.
Okugxile ocwaningweni lwangomuso kubandakanya lezi zici eziyisithupha ezilandelayo:
Izinto zesakhiwo zibhekisela ezintweni zobunjiniyela ezinezakhiwo zemishini njengesici esiyinhloko.
Ziyizinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu emnothweni wezwe.
Kusukela ezidingweni zansuku zonke, izakhiwo ezimotweni, izindiza, amasathelayithi namarokhethi, bonke bathola isimo sabo, usayizi namandla ngokusebenzisa uhlobo oluthile lohlaka lwesakhiwo.
Izinto zendabuko ezifana nensimbi nezinsimbi ezingenayo insimbi zingezalesi sigaba.
Izinto zokwakha ezisebenza kahle kakhulu ngokuvamile zibhekisela ezintweni zesakhiwo ezinezakhiwo eziphakeme zemishini njengamandla, ubulukhuni, ipulasitiki nokuqina, futhi uvumelane nezidingo ezikhethekile zemvelo.
Zihlanganisa izinto ezintsha zensimbi, izinto zokwakha ze-ceramic ezisezingeni eliphezulu kanye nezinto ze-polymer.
Izindawo zokucwaninga zamanje zifaka: ama-alloys aphezulu okushisa, okusha ama-alloys e-aluminium kanye ne-magnesium alloys, izinto zokwakha ze-ceramic ezinokushisa okuphezulu kanye nama-polymer alloys.
Izinto ezisebenzayo zibhekisela ezintweni ezibonisa izakhiwo ezikhethekile njengogesi, uzibuthe, ukukhanya, biology kanye nekhemistri ngaphezu kwezakhiwo zemishini.
Ngaphezu kolwazi, amandla, nano, i-biomedical nezinye izinto ezethulwe ngaphambilini, izinto ezintsha zokusebenza ngokuyinhloko zihlanganisa izinto ezisezingeni eliphezulu ze-superconducting, izinto kazibuthe, amafilimu edayimane, izinto ezisebenzayo ze-polymer, njll.
Izindawo zokucwaninga zamanje zifaka: nano-functional materials, i-nanocrystalline engavamile emhlabeni odonsa unomphela kanye nezinto ezingavamile zokugcina i-hydrogen storage alloy, izinto eziningi ze-amorphous, high-temperature superconducting materials, Izinto zokwakha ze-alloy memory shape magnetic, izinto ze-polymer magnetic, ubuchwepheshe bokulungiselela ifilimu yedayimane, njll.
Izinto ezintsha zamakhemikhali ziyizinto eziyisisekelo ezisetshenziswa emkhakheni wemboni yamakhemikhali, uwoyela, njll., ikakhulukazi kuhlanganisa izinto eziphilayo ze-fluorine, izinto ze-organic silicon, imicu ephezulu yokusebenza, izinto ze-nano-chemical, izinto ezisebenzayo ezingaphili, njll.
Izinto ezisetshenziswa yi-nano-chemical kanye nezingubo zamakhemikhali ezikhethekile bekuyizindawo ezithandwa kakhulu ocwaningweni eminyakeni yamuva nje.
Izinto ze-ceramic ezithuthukisiwe zibhekisela emikhiqizweni esebenza kahle kakhulu eyenziwe ngokuhlanzeka okuphezulu, I-ultra-fine inorganic compounds njengezinto ezingavuthiwe kanye nobuchwepheshe benqubo yokulungiselela ethuthukisiwe.
Ngokwezidingo zobuchwepheshe bobunjiniyela bokusebenza komkhiqizo, imikhiqizo ekhiqizwayo ingaba ne-piezoelectric, i-ferroelectric, conductive, i-semiconductor, kazibuthe, njll. noma ube nezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu njengamandla aphezulu, ukuqina okuphezulu, ubulukhuni obuphezulu, ukumelana nokugqoka, ukumelana nokugqwala, ukumelana nokushisa okuphezulu, high conductivity ezishisayo, i-insulation noma i-biocompatibility enhle.
Izinto ze-ceramic ezithuthukisiwe
Izinto ze-ceramic ezithuthukisiwe ngokuvamile zihlukaniswa izigaba ezintathu: i-ceramics yesakhiwo, I-ceramic-based composite materials kanye ne-ceramics esebenzayo.
Iningi le-ceramics elisebenzayo lisetshenziswa kakhulu embonini ye-elekthronikhi futhi libuye libizwe ngokuthi yizinto zobumba ze-elekthronikhi.
Okufana ne-ceramic insulating materials, izinto ze-ceramic substrate, izinto zokupakisha ze-ceramic ezisetshenziselwa ukwenza ama-chips, kanye ne-capacitor ceramics, i-piezoelectric ceramics, izinto ezisetshenziswa kazibuthe ze-ferrite ezisetshenziselwa ukwenza izinto zikagesi.
Izindawo zamanje zocwaningo zihlanganisa ubuchwepheshe obuqinisayo nobuqinisayo bezinto zobumba, ubuchwepheshe bokulungiselela kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwezinto ze-nano-ceramic, ukwakhiwa kwezinhlelo ezithuthukile zesakhiwo se-ceramic material, kanye nokufana okuphezulu kanye nobuchwepheshe be-ultra-fine bezinto zobumba zikagesi.
Izinto zokwakha ezintsha zibandakanya izinto ezintsha zodonga, izinto zokwakha zamakhemikhali, izinto ezintsha zokushisa ezishisayo, izinto zokwakha zokuhlobisa, njll.
Phakathi kwazo, izinto zokwakha zamakhemikhali zihlanganisa amapulasitiki wokwakha, izakhiwo ezinengilazi, ukwakha ukuvikela amanzi, izinto zokuvala, izinto zokushisa ezishisayo, izinto zokuvala umsindo, izitsha zobumba ezikhethekile, ama-adhesives wokwakha, njll., okuyizinto ezintsha zokwakha izwe lami elizogxila ekuzithuthukiseni ngesikhathi “soHlelo Lweminyaka Eyi-15 Lweminyaka Emihlanu”.
Incazelo entsha yezinto: Izinto ezintsha zibhekisela kulezo zinto ezivelile noma esezivele zithuthuka futhi zinezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu nemisebenzi ekhethekile izinto zendabuko ezingenayo.
Awukho umngcele ocacile phakathi kwezinto ezintsha nezinto zendabuko.
Izinto ezintsha zithuthukiswa ngesisekelo sezinto zendabuko.
Izinto zokwakha zendabuko zingathuthukiswa zibe izinto ezintsha ngokuthuthukiswa kokuqamba, isakhiwo, ukuklama nokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kwempahla noma ube nezakhiwo ezintsha.
Izinto ezintsha zihlukaniswa zibe izigaba ezine ngokusho kwesakhiwo, kuhlanganise izinto zensimbi, izinto ze-inorganic non-metallic, izinto ze-polymer eziphilayo, nezinto ezihlanganisiwe ezithuthukisiwe.
Ngokusho kokusebenza kwezinto ezibonakalayo, kukhona izinto zokwakha kanye nezinto zokusebenza.
Ngokusho kokusetshenziswa kanye nezakhiwo zezinto ezintsha, "I-China New Materials Products and Technology Guidance Catalogue" ihlukanisa imikhiqizo emisha emikhakheni yezobuchwepheshe engaphezu kweshumi., okuhlanganisa izinto ezintsha zensimbi, izinto zokwakha ezintsha, izinto ezintsha zamakhemikhali, izinto zolwazi lwe-elekthronikhi, izinto ze-biomedical, izinto ezintsha zamandla, I-nano kanye ne-powder materials, izinto ezintsha eziyinhlanganisela, izinto ezintsha zomhlaba ezingavamile, izinto ze-ceramic ezisebenza kahle kakhulu, izinto ezintsha zekhabhoni, ubuchwepheshe obusha bokulungiselela izinto zokwakha kanye nemishini.
1 Izinto zolwazi lwe-elekthronikhi
2 Izinto ezintsha ezonga amandla
3 I-Nanomatadium
4 Izinto ezihlanganisiwe ezithuthukisiwe
I-fiber yengilazi, i-aramid, i-silicon carbide, i-graphite, i-boron fiber, insimbi yensimbi, amadevu, izinto zokwenziwa ezingagugi, i-resin-based, metal-based, izinto ezihlanganisiwe ezenziwe nge-ceramic, i-carbon/carbon composite materials, ama-carbide blades , izinto zokungqubuzana, izinto ezihlanganisiwe
5 Izinto zensimbi ezithuthukisiwe
6 Izinto ezintsha zamakhemikhali
I-silicon yemvelo, i-organic fluorine, ipulasitiki yobunjiniyela nama-alloys epulasitiki, irabha ekhethekile, i-fiber ekhethekile, enamathela ekhethekile, isiqandisi, imikhiqizo emihle yamakhemikhali
7 Izinto ze-ceramic ezithuthukisiwe
I-ceramics esebenzayo (i-microwave, izingxenye ze-elektroniki ze-ceramic dielectric , i-piezoelectric, ebucayi, obala) i-ceramics yesakhiwo (ikhekheba lezinyosi, ukumelana nokugqoka, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu, ukuqina okuphezulu, enamathela, i-ceramic-based composite)
8 Izinto zomhlaba ezingavamile
Umhlaba ongavamile wokuhlanzeka okuphezulu, izithasiselo, ama-catalysts, ozibuthe unomphela, i-luminescence, isitoreji se-hydrogen
9 Izinto zikaZibuthe
Izinto ezithambile zikazibuthe, ozibuthe unomphela, izinto zokuqopha kazibuthe, Amadivayisi kazibuthe
10 Izinto zekhabhoni
Ikhabhoni ecushiwe, i-carbon black, idayimane, i-graphite, i-carbon fiber
11 Izinto ze-Membrane
Hlunga ulwelwesi (ulwelwesi lwe-organic, ulwelwesi lwe-inorganic), amafilimu asebenzayo (optical, i-insulating)
12 Izinto ze-Superconducting
Ukulungiselela nokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bezintambo ezisebenzayo ze-superconducting, amabhlogo, namafilimu.
13 Izinto ze-Biomedical
Izimila, izicubu zokwenziwa, ukuhlunga igazi, ama-sutures
14 Izinto zemvelo nezemvelo
Izinto zobunjiniyela bemvelo, ukupakisha okuluhlaza, izinto eziwohlokayo, ezinye izinto zemvelo
15 Izinto zokwakha ezintsha
Izinto zokufakelwa ezishisayo, usimende onamandla aphezulu, izinto zokwakha eziluhlaza zemvelo
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